从价值观管理到制度领导力

制度领导力是领导者在同制度情境互动后，通过制度工作将价值观和领导权力嵌入组织系统和结构中的领导力。领导者通过构建制度领导力，能够减少组织对个体领导者的依赖并实现组织稳定发展。DS的实践表明，企业通过价值观管理和制度管理构建制度领导力，可以促进企业价值观落实和制度执行，并对组织利益相关者产生行为约束和理念引导，从而对企业稳定持续发展产生积极影响。DS模式是中国企业管理的新突破，以DS公司为例探究领导者通过价值观管理和制度管理构建制度领导力的过程，为企业进行制度领导力构建提供了新理论视角。     

The impact of sustained attention on labor market outcomes: The case of Ghana

In this paper, we go beyond traditional measures of cognitive abilities (IQ) in explaining labor market and social outcomes in developing countries. We exploit a rich dataset from Ghana that provides information on demographics, labor market outcomes, and a direct measure of cognitive ability along with other test scores to construct a measure of sustained attention. Our work is therefore related to the broader literature in psychology on the importance of executive function on individual behavior and outcomes. We find that, at least for the case of Ghana, after controlling for IQ and other covariates, higher levels of sustained attention are associated with higher educational attainment and a higher likelihood of being employed in a white‐collar job.     

The Bioeconomics of Cooperation

When transactions and information are costly and exchange is non-simultaneous, ‘institutions matter’. They matter because exchange under these circumstances subjects the participants to potentially harmful behaviors by other participants, among which are: opportunistic behavior, agency, the free-rider problem, cheating, moral hazard, and adverse selection. Institutions constrain these behaviors, allowing the participants to take advantage of the gains from trade and specialization, and thereby facilitating cooperation. Individuals adhere to institutional rules because they gain by doing so. Because the individual gains are inseparable from the structure of the institutions, the institutions themselves necessarily become the focus of the analysis—as we see in the new institutional economics (NIE). The new group selection position in biology involves a similar shift in focus from the level of the individual to the group when studying the evolution of altruism. But some of the proponents of group selection go further, arguing that altruism in biology evolves because it is in the interest of the group, but not the individual. In fact, group level analysis is necessary in biology, as in the NIE, because it allows for the discovery of ‘institutions’ that constrain cheating, opportunistic behavior, etc., thereby making participation in the group in the long-run self-interest of the individual. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Habit,Decision-Making,and Rationality: Comparing Thorstein Veblen and Early Herbert Simon

The article aims to contribute to the convergence between institutional and neo-Schumpeterian evolutionary economics. It intends to help unify the behavioral foundations of these two strands of thought by returning to the original views of their main historical inspirations. It thus proposes a comparative analysis of the theory of human behavior developed by Thorstein Veblen and Herbert Simon, respectively. The article notably discusses how Simon’s early work links together the notions of habit, rationality, and the decision-making process, and explores the extent to which his views are consistent with, complementary to, or divergent from Veblen’s. The article highlights several commonalities between Simon and Veblen’s views on habits. However, Simon departs from Veblen in developing a dual model of human behavior which clearly differentiates habit-based from decision-based behaviors. The article argues that neo-Schumpeterian evolutionary economists should go beyond this binary model and build on the pragmatist-Veblenian approach, in which these two dimensions are intimately entangled. This process could allow the economists in question to take advantage of the most valuable insights of institutional economics regarding the interactions between individual choices and habits and institutions.     

制度环境与创业认知组态如何驱动不同模式创业

创新创业是推动我国经济转型升级与高质量发展的重要引擎。基于组态视角，整合管制、认知和规范3个制度环境层面前因条件，以及能力感知、机会识别和失败恐惧3个创业认知层面前因条件，以全球创业观察数据库中的51个国家为研究样本，采用模糊集定性比较分析法探讨影响不同创业模式的多重并发条件与因果复杂机制、不同经济体之间的创业模式差异及创业模式演化路径。研究发现：第一，生存型创业驱动机制可划分为制度环境缺失的能力驱动型模式、规范制度主导的机会识别型模式和制度环境缺失的风险承担型模式3种。第二，机会型创业驱动机制可划分为规范制度缺失的创业认知型模式、规范制度引导的机会识别型模式、认知制度支持的创业认知型模式和管制制度保障的能力机会型模式4种。其中，机会识别是驱动机会型创业的关键条件，管制、认知和规范三维制度之间存在替代效应，可以推动高机会识别群体选择机会型创业。第三，要素驱动型经济体以生存型创业为主，部分国家推动机会型创业；效率驱动型经济体同时发展生存型创业和机会型创业，创新驱动型经济体高度重视机会型创业。在此基础上，构建路径选择—模式演化—经济体转型研究框架，为推动生存型创业向机会型创业演化进而向创新驱动型经济体转型升级、助推经济高质量发展提供理论指导和实践启示。     

Subjective Diversity and Social Learning: A Cognitive Perspective for Understanding Institutional Behavior

This paper deals with a controversial problem in the economics of institutions: how do regularities emerge and evolve out of the social interaction of various agents? Referring to arguments developed in a previous work (Rizzello and Turvani 2000) in which the Austrian Economics' views about the spontaneous emergence of institutions is connected to and enriched by recent findings in the cognitive sciences, the authors here extend the institutional-cognitive approach by incorporating the social cognitive theory of Albert Bandura. Accordingly, rather than being described as ‘instruments’ for social coordination, institutions are depicted as ‘structures’ emerging from the subjective process of generation of knowledge within a social context. Institutional behavior, its emergence and evolution is thus anchored to the mechanisms creating subjective diversity and those producing social learning.     

功能失调、认知和行为偏差与农村政策性金融困境

农村政策性金融是国家保障农村社会强位弱势群体金融发展权和金融平等权的特殊制度安排.但由于内外种种原因,当前我国农村政策性金融改革发展中面临着一些问题及困境.本文依据行为金融学及结构方程模型等现代金融前沿理论与方法,通过实证分析,认为有关农村政策性金融的认知偏差、行为偏差和功能失调,对农村政策性金融发展困境具有正向影响,而且认知偏差与行为偏差对于农村政策性金融功能弱化也有显著的正相关关系,进而提出了相应的政策建议.     

Cognitive Rules, Institutions, and Competition

Rules exert an important influence on rational individual behaviour. In economic analyses, two different types of rules occur that both induce rule-following behaviour. However, they are rarely distinguished. The differentiation of institutions (as interpersonal rules) and cognitive rules (as intrapersonal rules) allows for a clarification of substantial differences between the two types of rules, for example, concerning the incorporated knowledge and rule-persistence. Furthermore, the analysis of the interrelation of the two types of rules offers fruitful insights that still are not much explored in economics. The important dimensions to be considered are rule-harmony that stabilises institutional arrangements, and rule-conflict that induces pressure on persistent institutions. In this context, competition can be seen as a medium of interaction that allows individual agents to learn both about the behaviour of interacting agents and the nature and effects of the institutional framework. The integration of competition - as the core concept of economics - into the interplay of institutions and cognitive rules explores a missing point within the analysis of the economics of rules.     

Some Reflections on The Calculus of Consent

Buchanan and Tullock claim in The Calculus of Consent that their analysis does not depend for its validity on the assumption of homo economicus. Some thirty years later Brennan and Buchanan argued that homo economicus is the relevant assumption for institutional design. If the prime task of comparative institutional analysis is conceived to be how the views and interests held by one individual can be reconciled with the views and interests of others, then either altruistic or self-centred behavior can be relevant to the analysis depending on the case at hand. Buchanan and Tullock's claim is therefore not without some justification.     

How far does evolution take us? Comment on Elinor Ostrom’s: do institutions for collective action evolve?

Elinor Ostrom’s article in this issue suggests that institutions for collective action evolve, highlights parallels between biological and institutional evolution, and describes an hypothetical example of institutional evolution related to an irrigation system. The article is provocative but not definitive in that it does not demonstrate that evolution is more than a metaphor for institutional change and that institutions actually evolve. This commentary unpacks the concept of evolutionary change and evaluates how well various aspects of institutional change fit within this model of change. The analysis supports Ostrom’s contention that evolution is not just a metaphor for institutional change, but also suggests that not all institutional change can be classified as evolutionary. The commentary highlights the need for further conceptual and theoretical development to delineate various forms and processes of institutional change, distinguish between evolutionary and non-evolutionary change, and draw out the consequences of various forms of change.     

The Institutional Theory of Radhamakal Mukerjee: Lessons for Modern Nonprofit Economics

This paper examines the way the institutional economics of Radhamakal Mukerjee can inform modern nonprofit economics. A brief survey of Mukerjee's work highlights several elements of his theory that yield useful implications understanding the nonprofit sector. First, Mukerjee's theory implies that this sector's role is in helping the economies to better accommodate broader societal values, rather than in addressing market failure. Second, his theory suggests that the nonprofit sector provides an institutional framework for the pursuit of common interests that are not reducible to individual utility maximization. Finally, as he considered the state to be inherently coercive, he believed the nonprofit sector to be the only meaningful outlet for citizenship behavior, thus advancing an original theory of complementary state-nonprofit relationship. The paper concludes with calling for more institutionalist research on the economics of the nonprofit sector.     

非道德行为概念辨析及相关研究进展

本文对目前理论界关注的非道德行为概念进行了分析,介绍了其测量的方法,并提出影响其产生的因素大体上可以归结为环境因素、个体特征以及个体的认知因素。本文还对非道德行为与工作场所越轨行为、反生产力行为的异同进行了比较。     

Commissions Matter: The Trading Behavior of Institutional and Individual Active Traders

We examine how commissions influence trading behavior by analyzing a unique data set of the equity trades of both individual and institutional active traders. Individual traders pay higher trading costs than institutional traders. As a result, they engage in more risky trading behaviors in order to cover these costs. Individual traders also trade significantly less because of their higher cost of trading. Individual traders tend to trade higher-priced stocks, hold their trades longer, and they experience much larger price swings than institutional traders. This leads individual traders to realize more dramatic gains and losses on their round-trips.     

如何解释中印两国经济增长的差异——从制度视角的研究回顾

本文以中国与印度比较研究的缘起和特点为起点,分析国内外学术界对中印比较研究演变的过程,即从增长方式特征向制度基础转化,从短期宏观因素比较向长期增长持续性基础转化。本文强调了从制度视角进行中印比较研究的合理性,评述了制度在中印发展中的重要性和制度分析的不同路径。     

新经济地理学中的制度转向与区域发展

近年来,伴随着资本主义社会经济转型和全球化,资本主义进入了制度重建的新阶段,社会科学日益重视“制度”因素的作用。经济地理学强调制度、文化对区域发展的影响,提出了经济地理学的“制度转向”。文章深入分析西方学者提出的制度转向、制度厚度概念及与区域发展关系的基础上,进行理论评析,并简要探讨对中国区域发展的启示。     

Effect of cognitive ability on matching and rebate subsidies

This paper conducts laboratory experiments to investigate the effect of cognitive ability on individual charitable behavior under two theoretically equivalent subsidy schemes, matching and rebate subsidy schemes. Experimental results show that whether the subject has high or low cognitive ability, his/her private donation under matching subsidies is significantly higher than that under the theoretically equivalent rebate subsidies. However, an individual with higher cognitive ability is more likely to attain the theoretical equivalence.     

真心换真新：真实型领导风格对新员工创新行为的激发机制研究

随着“90后”成为新员工的主体,不同领导风格对其创新行为的激励作用越来越受到关注。基于认知—情感视角,探究真实型领导风格对新员工创新行为的影响机理,并识别师徒关系的调节作用。结果表明,真实型领导风格对新员工创新行为具有显著正向影响;组织公平感和工作投入具有中介作用,且组织公平感的中介作用更强;良好的师徒关系正向调节真实型领导风格和组织公平感、工作投入对新员工创新行为的影响,且关系越强,中介效应越显著。     

Toward Generalized Evolutionism: Beyond “Generalized Darwinism” and Its Critics

This article seeks to transcend the debate regarding “generalized Darwinism” or “universal Darwinism” for the social sciences. Highlighting recent discoveries in evolutionary biology, the article argues that it is no longer tenable to insist that (neo-)Darwinism is the only proper doctrine for understanding biological evolution. Moreover, social evolution is much more than purely (neo-)Darwinian or (neo-)Lamarckian. As such, the debate on whether we deploy only (neo-)Darwinism or (neo-)Lamarckism — generalized or not — to understand social evolution is a red herring. Instead, social scientists should embrace “generalized evolutionism,” a more accommodating and versatile doctrine that subsumes “(generalized) Darwinism” or “(generalized) Lamarckism.” Empirical inquiries that deploy “generalized evolutionism” have shed important new light on some critical puzzles in human society: from institutional change to the foundation of economic development before 1500 AD, through the coming of the industrial revolution, to the evolution of the international system. More empirical efforts along this line of theorizing are needed.     

Coevolution of economic behaviour and institutions: towards a theory of institutional change

Traditionally, economics has regarded institutions, notably norms and regulations, as fixed or exogenous. Surprisingly few insights on institutional evolution from natural and social sciences have made their way into economics. This article gives an overview of evolutionary theories of institutions in biology, sociology, anthropology and economics. These theories are subsequently compared with non-evolutionary theories of institutions. Next, the insights and approaches are integrated into a framework for analysis of institutions based on the notion of coevolution.JEL Classification: B52, D10, D70, D64, Z13J.C.J.M. van den Bergh     

How institutional conditions impact university–industry search strategies and networks

A wide range of research has studied interactions between academic and industrial organisations. Less research has combined institutional theory and the terminology of social networks in order to investigate how different institutional conditions across scientific fields impact university–industry search strategies and networks in various ways. Based on a comparative analysis of the institutional conditions in two different scientific fields, we argue that the UI search processes and network formations of a high-tech small firm are shaped by these different institutional conditions within which they are embedded. The study contributes to knowledge about how the significance of weak and strong ties is relative to varying institutional conditions in general high-tech vs. life sciences and why embeddedness in pre-existing ties is not necessarily the most effective means for firms to optimise UI search and network-formation strategies.