Transition as a process of large-scale institutional change

After several years of transition experience the theory is very poorly developed except in regard to macroeconomtc stabilization. Another key dimension of transition is institutional change to provide the organizational infrastructure for a market economy. Such issues are analysed here through a series of models focusing on: uncertainty of outcomes, complementarities and interactions between reforms, and political constraints. The choice between “big bang” and more gradualist strategies is studied under various conditions and the paper also examines specific incentive and allocative aspects of the transition from socialism to capitalism.     

Institutional individualism and institutional change: the search for a middle way mode of explanation

After noting the lack of enthusiasm of several well-known scholarsconcerning the adoption of both methodological holism and methodologicalindividualism in its several versions, this paper shows thatinstitutional individualism is a different mode of explanationfrom both of these and also that it is not the same thing asthe so-called Popperian programme of situational analysis. Institutionalindividualism is a mode of explanation that yields non-systemicand non-reductionist explanations at the same time as it allowsfor the incorporation into economic theories and models of themany formal and informal institutional aspects surrounding allhuman interactions, whether these interactions take place withinstable structures of legal rules and social norms or whetherthey attempt to change the said rules and norms. Finally, thepaper shows that it is possible for old institutionalists tomake institutional individualist analyses of institutional changeswhile retaining the remaining methodological assumptions ofthe school. The same is true for new institutionalists. Someexamples are offered from both camps.     

历史逻辑起点的政治经济学含义：1979年前后的中国制度变迁

通过揭示历史逻辑起点的政治经济学含义,本文考察了历史逻辑起点对中国制度变迁与社会转型的实质性影响。本文认为,执政党的政治动员能力、社队企业、相对扁平的收入分配状况以及20世纪60年代末的开放与引进在一定程度上减少了始自1979年的改革启动成本从而使中国的社会转型呈现出与苏东国家不同的特质。     

农村经济制度变迁与中国农业发展——回顾与思考

在过去的半个多世纪中，中国农村经济制度经历了从传统市场经济转向人民公社，然后又从人民公社向家庭承包责任制的重大变革。在此期间，农业的发展解决了自古以来就困扰中国人的温饱问题。本文封中国农业的发展进行了回顾，并探讨了人民公社和家庭承包责任制对农业发展的影响，以及两种经济制度之间的关系。     

A path analysis of the cultivated land change in Hubei Province,China

Hubei Province is one of the critical grain production regions in China with the quantitative cultivated landand good natural condition; it plays an important role in grain security in China. However, owing to rapid economicgrowth, population pressures, anthropogenic activities, and natural disasters, the quality of the cultivated land hassignificantly decreased in recent years and environmental resources are under increasing stress. In order to research onthe mechanism of the change of the cultivated land, this paper analyzes qualitatively the influencing factors of thecultivated land change in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2004, and distinguishes the direct factors from indirect influentones by means of the approach of the path analysis. The result shows that the area of the rent land in the total non-agricultural land, the total population growth and the fixed asset investment are the main factors deciding the change ofthe cultivated land. Meanwhile, the density of the transportation network, the proportion of per capita income of ruralcitizens to that of urban citizens, non-agricultural gross domestic production’s share of the total GDP has a less directeffect but a more indirect influence on the decrease of the cultivated land in Hubei Province. The result means that whilesome factors have less direct influence on the change of the cultivated land, its indirect influence are significant, viceversa. Thus it’s necessary to adopt a comprehensive measurement to protect the cultivated land.     

试论制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论

所谓制度变迁,就是指制度的替代、转换与交易的过程。实质上,制度变迁就是一种更高效的制度对另一种更低效的制度的替代过程,即一种新的更有效率的制度的产生过程。因此,着重论述了制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论。通过对制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论进行明确的阐释,不仅有助于研究和分析有关和相关制度变迁方面的问题,而且也有益于更好地理解和运用制度变迁基本理论。     

租赁制是我国农地制度创新的方向

农地租赁是在我国社会主义公有制农地资源均分以及工业化城市化背景下,调节农地资源余缺、提高土地利用效率的唯一可行的市场运作方式。目前,农地租赁是按照市场供求规律纠正农地流转和规模经营非市场化运作的有效手段,也是以市场化方式使农村集体土地从分散经营走向集中经营的有效途径,还是一种具有合作经济性质的新的“联产”形式。基于公平和效率并重的农地租赁制度也是建设和谐社会主义新农村重要的制度保障。农地租赁制度的重建符合农地使用制度变迁的路径依赖原则,可以以最小化的改革成本获得最大化的改革绩效。因此,农地租赁制度将是我国农地使用制度改革的发展方向。     

和谐制度理论分析模型研究——后改革时期的制度经济学思考

当前的经济运行状况表明,我国改革已进入后改革时期,这是以完善与市场机制相配套的利益制度为主要目标的改革阶段。为此,笔者建构了以权利配置和资源配置互动为研究线索、以制度分析的四维展开为研究向度、以和谐三角的价值构造为评判标准的和谐制度理论分析模型,以明确后改革时期的制度调整方向。     

中国经济体制改革时期制度变迁的特征分析

从实质上说，中国经济体制改革的过程就是一个制度的重建过程，即以适应市场经济的制度安排取代适应计划经济的制度安排取代适应计划经济的制度安排的过程。在这一制度重建的进程中，市场取向的制度变迁表现出八个方面的典型特征：一是制度变迁需求的内性性；二是制度变迁供给的滞后性；三是制度变迁目标的动态性；四是制度变迁过程的渐进性；五是制度变迁轨迹的路径依赖性；六是从单项制度变迁向制度结构变迁演进；七是强制性制度变迁与诱致性制度变迁相结合；八是宏观经济制度变迁与微观经济制度变迁同步进行。     

浅析事业单位工资分配制度改革

建国以来,我国事业单位工资制度经历了四次大的改革,虽逐步取得了成效,但仍需完善。事业单位体制改革是当前我国体制改革中的一个重点和难点。在浅析几次工资制度改革取得成果的同时,针对现行事业单位工资制度改革问题提出几点建议。如何建立一套既坚持按劳分配,又体现效益和公平原则的工资分配制度,成为亟待探索的一个问题。     

浅析新《科学事业单位会计制度》

随着我国科技体制改革的不断推进、科学事业单位的发展壮大、公共财政预算管理体制的逐步完善,旧会计制度已不能满足对科学事业单位会计核算的要求。为了适应我国科学事业的发展要求,规范科学事业单位的会计核算,提高会计信息质量,促进我国科学事业健康持续快速发展,财政部于2013年12月发布了新修订的《科学事业单位会计制度》,并自2014年1月1日起施行。新科学事业单位会计制度和旧制度相比,无论是在会计科目设置上,还是会计处理理念和方法上,都有较大进步。因此,从分析科学事业单位会计制度改革的原因及意义出发,对新《科学事业单位会计制度》的创新之处进行探析。     

简论所有制与股份制的联系与区别

股份制是一种资本组织形式,它与所有制是两个不同层面的问题,两者存在性质和地位的不同。股份制可以是资本主义私有制的实现形式,也可以是社会主义公有制的实现形式。我们不能把公有制的实现形式同公有制形式等同起来,从而否定国有经济和集体经济这两种公有制形式的存在;也不能把公有制的实现形式同公有制性质等同起来,从而推导出股份制就是完全公有制性质。     

Falling under the control of a different type of owner:risk-taking implications for banks

European banks have experienced significant changes in the type of entity that owns them (another bank, an individual or a family, a non-financial company, an institutional investor, a government, a foreign entity, a domestic entity…). In this paper, we look at the influence of ownership type changes on risk and profitability. Working with a panel of commercial banks from 17 European countries, we find that although banks that experience a change in ownership type do not exhibit lower or higher risk or profitability than other banks, their risk and profitability is significantly affected after the change takes place. The type of the acquirer plays a significant role in explaining the observed changes. When the acquirer is a non-financial company, the state or an institutional investor, the level of risk increases after the change while the level of profitability remains unchanged. Conversely, when the acquirer is a bank, we find that the level of risk-adjusted profitability decreases. Banks acquired by a different type of owner during the global financial crisis do not perform better or worse than they did before.     

东北黑土地保护利用的政治经济学解析——基于梨树模式

东北黑土地在自然因素和人为因素综合作用下出现严重的退化问题,迫切需要采取有效措施加强黑土地保护利用.但在加强生态文明建设和确保国家粮食安全的双重目标下,东北黑土地保护利用面临着如何平衡资源开发与环境保护的难题,梨树模式则为实现东北黑土地可持续利用提供了一种新的路径选择.从政治经济学视角看,梨树模式能够遵循农业生产力与生...     

湖北省耕地面积变化影响因素的通径分析

本支在介绍通径分析原理的基础上，采用该原理对1978～2002年湖北省耕地面积变化的11个影响因子进行了实证研究．力图剖析各影响因子对耕地面积的直接影响及其间接影响关系。结果显示．农业结构调整、市场化和粮食安全的因素对耕地的直接影响作用明显．而固定资产投资、城市化、耕地利用的比较利益和人口因素的间接作用也不能忽视。结果意味着和耕地面积相关系数大的影响因子不一定是直接作用最大的因子，而直接作用小的影响因子的间接作用也可能比较大，可见耕地保护必须考虑各种影响因素．采取综合的措施。     

How Political Institutions Determine Corporate Governance Reforms: The Polity,Law and Corporate Practices in the Case of Switzerland

The aim of this article is to contribute to our understanding of the role that political institutions play in the reform processes of national corporate governance regimes. I argue that existing theories are limited in that they conceive of political institutions' impact on corporate governance largely in terms of a deterministic influence on the political coalitions that emerge and on the policy outcomes. Based on the analysis of the paradigmatic case of a consensual democracy – Switzerland – I show that the consensual polity does not directly determine the outcome of a reform process, but rather the direction of causality between legal changes and changes in practices as well as the nature of the changes. Consensual polities require large parliamentary majorities for legal change to happen. Therefore, corporate practices are likely to change before legal rules and less demanding forms of institutional change, such as ‘layering’, are favoured.     

中国农户融资制度：研究现状、历史变迁与供求非均衡

国内学者关于中国农户融资制度的研究内容和研究成果都比较丰富，但系统研究和动态研究略显欠缺，将制度供求理论引入研究的文献很少。结合中国农户融资制度的变迁及制度变迁理论来看，中国农户融资制度变迁的实质是城市利益导向的金融抑制与金融约束并存的政府管制与操纵，这是导致农户正式融资制度供给不足与过剩并存的、非均衡的政策背景，在这种背景下，制度的设计必然与农户的实际需求背离。     

利益集团理论与国有企业制度变迁--国有企业承包制-股份制案例研究

该文利用利益集团理论对承包制-股份制这一制度变迁过程进行了分析,具体考察了这一过程中各利益集团关于新制度的预期效用,以及由此它们对这一制度变迁所施加的影响,从而揭示这一制度变迁过程产生的根本原因:在1992年之前,承包制是各利益集团一致的选择.1992-1996年地方政府和国有企业偏好于股份制,而中央政府从最大化其风险规避的预期效用的角度出发,并不偏好股份制.但因为地方政府和国有企业组成了利益集团联盟,中央政府在信息与权力、财力上都处于劣势,所以最终股份制取代了承包制,成为国有企业改革的方向.