Institutional individualism and institutional change: the search for a middle way mode of explanation

After noting the lack of enthusiasm of several well-known scholarsconcerning the adoption of both methodological holism and methodologicalindividualism in its several versions, this paper shows thatinstitutional individualism is a different mode of explanationfrom both of these and also that it is not the same thing asthe so-called Popperian programme of situational analysis. Institutionalindividualism is a mode of explanation that yields non-systemicand non-reductionist explanations at the same time as it allowsfor the incorporation into economic theories and models of themany formal and informal institutional aspects surrounding allhuman interactions, whether these interactions take place withinstable structures of legal rules and social norms or whetherthey attempt to change the said rules and norms. Finally, thepaper shows that it is possible for old institutionalists tomake institutional individualist analyses of institutional changeswhile retaining the remaining methodological assumptions ofthe school. The same is true for new institutionalists. Someexamples are offered from both camps.     

历史逻辑起点的政治经济学含义：1979年前后的中国制度变迁

通过揭示历史逻辑起点的政治经济学含义,本文考察了历史逻辑起点对中国制度变迁与社会转型的实质性影响。本文认为,执政党的政治动员能力、社队企业、相对扁平的收入分配状况以及20世纪60年代末的开放与引进在一定程度上减少了始自1979年的改革启动成本从而使中国的社会转型呈现出与苏东国家不同的特质。     

试论制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论

所谓制度变迁,就是指制度的替代、转换与交易的过程。实质上,制度变迁就是一种更高效的制度对另一种更低效的制度的替代过程,即一种新的更有效率的制度的产生过程。因此,着重论述了制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论。通过对制度变迁的成因、启示和基本理论进行明确的阐释,不仅有助于研究和分析有关和相关制度变迁方面的问题,而且也有益于更好地理解和运用制度变迁基本理论。     

A path analysis of the cultivated land change in Hubei Province,China

Hubei Province is one of the critical grain production regions in China with the quantitative cultivated landand good natural condition; it plays an important role in grain security in China. However, owing to rapid economicgrowth, population pressures, anthropogenic activities, and natural disasters, the quality of the cultivated land hassignificantly decreased in recent years and environmental resources are under increasing stress. In order to research onthe mechanism of the change of the cultivated land, this paper analyzes qualitatively the influencing factors of thecultivated land change in Hubei Province from 1978 to 2004, and distinguishes the direct factors from indirect influentones by means of the approach of the path analysis. The result shows that the area of the rent land in the total non-agricultural land, the total population growth and the fixed asset investment are the main factors deciding the change ofthe cultivated land. Meanwhile, the density of the transportation network, the proportion of per capita income of ruralcitizens to that of urban citizens, non-agricultural gross domestic production’s share of the total GDP has a less directeffect but a more indirect influence on the decrease of the cultivated land in Hubei Province. The result means that whilesome factors have less direct influence on the change of the cultivated land, its indirect influence are significant, viceversa. Thus it’s necessary to adopt a comprehensive measurement to protect the cultivated land.     

和谐制度理论分析模型研究——后改革时期的制度经济学思考

当前的经济运行状况表明,我国改革已进入后改革时期,这是以完善与市场机制相配套的利益制度为主要目标的改革阶段。为此,笔者建构了以权利配置和资源配置互动为研究线索、以制度分析的四维展开为研究向度、以和谐三角的价值构造为评判标准的和谐制度理论分析模型,以明确后改革时期的制度调整方向。     

浅析事业单位工资分配制度改革

建国以来,我国事业单位工资制度经历了四次大的改革,虽逐步取得了成效,但仍需完善。事业单位体制改革是当前我国体制改革中的一个重点和难点。在浅析几次工资制度改革取得成果的同时,针对现行事业单位工资制度改革问题提出几点建议。如何建立一套既坚持按劳分配,又体现效益和公平原则的工资分配制度,成为亟待探索的一个问题。     

浅析新《科学事业单位会计制度》

随着我国科技体制改革的不断推进、科学事业单位的发展壮大、公共财政预算管理体制的逐步完善,旧会计制度已不能满足对科学事业单位会计核算的要求。为了适应我国科学事业的发展要求,规范科学事业单位的会计核算,提高会计信息质量,促进我国科学事业健康持续快速发展,财政部于2013年12月发布了新修订的《科学事业单位会计制度》,并自2014年1月1日起施行。新科学事业单位会计制度和旧制度相比,无论是在会计科目设置上,还是会计处理理念和方法上,都有较大进步。因此,从分析科学事业单位会计制度改革的原因及意义出发,对新《科学事业单位会计制度》的创新之处进行探析。     

湖北省耕地面积变化影响因素的通径分析

本支在介绍通径分析原理的基础上，采用该原理对1978～2002年湖北省耕地面积变化的11个影响因子进行了实证研究．力图剖析各影响因子对耕地面积的直接影响及其间接影响关系。结果显示．农业结构调整、市场化和粮食安全的因素对耕地的直接影响作用明显．而固定资产投资、城市化、耕地利用的比较利益和人口因素的间接作用也不能忽视。结果意味着和耕地面积相关系数大的影响因子不一定是直接作用最大的因子，而直接作用小的影响因子的间接作用也可能比较大，可见耕地保护必须考虑各种影响因素．采取综合的措施。     

利益集团理论与国有企业制度变迁--国有企业承包制-股份制案例研究

该文利用利益集团理论对承包制-股份制这一制度变迁过程进行了分析,具体考察了这一过程中各利益集团关于新制度的预期效用,以及由此它们对这一制度变迁所施加的影响,从而揭示这一制度变迁过程产生的根本原因:在1992年之前,承包制是各利益集团一致的选择.1992-1996年地方政府和国有企业偏好于股份制,而中央政府从最大化其风险规避的预期效用的角度出发,并不偏好股份制.但因为地方政府和国有企业组成了利益集团联盟,中央政府在信息与权力、财力上都处于劣势,所以最终股份制取代了承包制,成为国有企业改革的方向.     

Deliberation,learning, and institutional change: the evolution of institutions in judicial settings

Institutional change entails institutional design, assessment, and modification, which necessarily take place within the constraints and opportunities afforded by existing institutional arrangements. Viktor Vanberg has made major contributions to our understanding of how institutions evolve. We wish to contribute to this symposium in honor of Vanberg by analyzing how institutions for the management of water institutions in Southern California evolved primarily through the use of the courts as settings for deliberation, learning and institutional change.

电子商务环境下企业信用信息系统构建模式研究

电子商务和信用信息服务都是当前的新兴领域,电子商务对信用信息服务既提供强大的技术支持又具有充分的现实需求。本文针对我国以政府信用为基石的企业信用体系和新兴的电子商务信用体系中分别存在的问题,构建了电子商务环境下的新型企业征信数据环境和信用信息服务体系的基本模式。     

我国汇率与存款利率的关系研究：2000.1-2007.8

本文通过对2000年1月到2007年8月期间的人民币汇率与利率的关系进行了格兰杰因果检验,并采用单位根检验,建立VAR模型,通过脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析了二者的关系。结果表明,汇率变动影响着居民储蓄存款利率的变化较为显著,而居民储蓄存款利率影响汇率变动的力度较弱。我国存在着阻碍汇率利率联动的制度、经济等因素。     

改革开放以来中国农村土地流转制度的改革与发展

改革开放以来,以1988年宪法修正为标志,农村土地流转制度经历了从“禁止流转、允许流转到放开流转”和由模糊不清到明确鼓励的过程。农村土地流转从20世纪80年代中后期兴起到现今已经发展了近20年,但它的发展始终不顺畅,农地流转十分滞后。流转权利不充分、流转动力不足、流转机制未形成、流转条件受约束是农地流转缓慢的四大瓶颈。为了突破这四大瓶颈,我们必须坚持“所有权不干预流转权”、创造农地流转条件、健全农村土地流转机制、降低农地流转交易成本、允许通过抵押等进行土地流转。     

中国房地产保有环节的税制建设——基于城镇土地国有制条件下的分析

完善房地产保有环节的税收制度是健全中国地方税体系、促进房地产业健康发展的重要方面。在中国城镇土地国有制的条件下,对包括土地和房屋在内的房地产征收统一的物业税存在法理上的障碍。中国房地产保有环节的税收制度,必须立足于城镇土地国有制的背景,正确认识和处理土地出让金与房地产保有环节税收的关系,应将现行一次性收取的土地出让总成交价款分解为一次性收取的土地补偿金和分年度收取的土地年租金,在房地产保有环节建立以土地年租金和房产税为主体的地方财政收入制度体系。     

气候变化经济学和气候政策

在气候变化经济学和气候政策的文献综述基础上,剖析了经济学原理在全球气候变化研究中的应用。在总结西方流行的气候变化的经济影响评估、预测、分析方法和模型的前提下,回顾了不同空间和时间尺度上温室气体减排成本估算的方法和结果,特别分析和强调了气候变化不确定性的特点对经济模型和政策设计的影响,提供了有效的基于市场的政策选择。     

The Political Entrepreneur and the Coordination of the Political Process: A Market Process Perspective of the Political Market

The aim of this article is to apply the Austrian analysis of the entrepreneur to the political process. By distinguishing the political process from the economic process, we will endeavour to show to what extent an analysis in terms of the political market process is both possible and relevant. The existence of an information conveyance which can be assimilated to a price system within the political process, with its resulting profits, are motivating elements for the political entrepreneur. The political entrepreneur is doubly specialised and possesses all the Kirznerian functions of the Austrian entrepreneur as a coordinating agent for the political process.     

对发展中国农村土地金融的思考

农村土地金融业务的发展离不开土地制度的支撑,通过国外及国内农村土地金融发展情况的对比分析,总结出中国农村土地金融发展迟缓的根本原因——不完善的土地制度。又从土地产权残缺、土地抵押权不完整、土地流转机制不健全方面对土地制度是如何影响农村土地金融发展的作出了详细论述,最后,对中国现行的土地制度在产权、抵押权、流转机制方面的改革,做出总结。     

Leveraging resistance to change and the skunk works model of innovation

We study a situation in which an R&D department promotes the introduction of an innovation that results in costly re-adjustments for production workers. In response, the production department tries to resist change by improving the existing technology. Resistance to change triggers competition between departments, which, in turn, spurs effort. We show that firms balancing the strengths of the two departments perform better. As a negative effect, resistance to change might distort the R&D department's effort away from radical innovations. The firm can solve this problem by implementing the so-called skunk works model of innovation where the R&D department is isolated from the rest of the organization. Several implications for managing resistance to change and for the optimal design of R&D activities are derived.