Social-economic Development of Small West European Peripheral Countries

In the framework of different countries＇ international comparison, the objective of this paper reflects research topic of investigation--the identification of small countries, revealing features of economic development and business growth in economic history context of small economies classification. The object of investigation focuses on West European and Nordic countries＇ small economies. The hypothesis of the article is that small states under consideration are developing as the business competitive peripheries areas due to the special Scandinavian capitalist model development characterized by high level of social capital. The statistical data base includes Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development indicators, World Bank parameters and Nordic transnational corporation＇s annual reports. The paper considers the following research questions： （1） the critical overview of the mainstream academicians opinions concerning different-scaled economies, （2） classification of small states and clarification of different groups of the small-scaled countries role in the world and regional economy through historical context, （3） estimates and variants of small countries＇ social-economic development in accordance with different parameters, （4） consideration of Nordic European countries coming to the business model of the competitive peripheral social-economic development. The main summing up conclusion is that small economies of Nordic Europe are converting nowadays into the experimental laboratory of the European and world economy due to the specific model of their social-oriented economic and business growth, their geopolitical location between developed European integration complex embracing presumably small-scaled states from one side and large-scaled emerging market economy of Asian continent from the other side.     

On cracking the investment nuts of Chinese small and medium private enterprises

Along with the big businesses, small and medium private enterprises contribute much and play a more and more important role in the developing market economy. However, the development of small and medium private enterprises meets with many difficulties, such as investment. This thesis deals with the investment of small and medium private enterprises from three perspectives, points out the difficulties about investment of those enterprises, and then gives some constructive suggestions in this field.     

Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in China

I. General Correlation between Employmentand Income Distribution in ChinaBy the general rules of the market economy, the size of employment and the wage levelshould be expanded and raised with economic growth. The wage level should move in theopposite direction from the changes in the size of employment, and the total payroll shouldmove in the same direction with the size of employment when there is little change in thetotal payroll.Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in…     

China＇s Economy in 2007/2008： Coping with Problems of Runaway Growth

Fuelled by high domestic investment and rapid export expansion, China ＂s economy grew by ll.4 pereent in 2007, the highest increase since 1994 and the fifth eonseeutive year of double-digit growth. Such spectacular growth performance is unprecedented in the world＇s economic history. However, the Chinese Government is again worried about a possible ＂hard landing＂for the economy, as no economy can sustain very strong growth for extremely long period without overheating. Cracks in China ＂s economy are indeed emerging. The eonsumer priee index shot up to 6.9percent in November 2007, the highest level in a decade, with the annual inflation for 2007 rising to 4.S pereent, well above the government＇s ＂comfort level＂ of 3 percent. This prompted China＇s top leadership to declare that reducing economic overheating and curbing inflation would be the top poliey priorities for 2008. To contain such cost-push inflation, the government has to tackle its root causes, such as excessive liquidity, which is caused by the undervaluation of the renminbi, which in turn is attributable to China＇s chronic external and internal maeroeeonomie imbalances~ High growth is likely to continue in 2008, at around l O pereent, with inflation of S-6 pereent expected, despite the anticipated tighter maeroeeonomie control measures and the more troubled external economic environment （e.g. the expected US economic slowdown）. Regardless, China ＂s fundamental problems associated with runaway growth will largely remain. In addition, if the US economy slips into a serious recession, the Chinese economy will not be able to deeouple from it and escape unscathed.     

Assessment of the tertiary industrial development in Henan

The 21^st century is a century of service economy. The proportion of the tertiary industry becomes an important criterion to evaluate the economic level of a country or a district. As a big province with the largest population, whether the tertiary industry in Henan can develop rapidly and profitably in the long run or not has direct influence on the problem of employment pressure. Besides, this industry plays a very important role in supporting the further development of the first and the second industry. In order to provide a reference for instructing the further development of economy in Henan, based on the information got from the first general inspection of Henan＇s economy, gives a brief analysis according to the condition of different occupations, different districts and different interest effects.     

Past Successes and New Challenges： China＇s Foreign Trade at a Turning Point

Since 1979, China has recorded a remarkable trade performance, which has been driven by international processing and the offshoring strategies of foreign firms. The diversification of Chinese exports and their technological upgrading have been phenomenal However, there is also inertia, illustrated by the persistent dualism of the trade sector, the unrelenting specialization in downmarket products and the deteriorating terms of trade. These weaknesses have helped its partners to adjust to the rise of this new trade power. In the past decade, China＇s economy has faced the adverse effects o fan export-led growth and the global crisis has revealed its vulnerability. China is now forced to rebalance its economy. This will imply major changes in foreign trade, in favor of ordinary trade and away from processing. In the foreseeable future, China is unlikely to become the driver of international demand but will remain the engine of Asian economic integration.     

Characteristics of labor market in Serbia - View on the labor demand on Belgrade and Banat labor markets

The labor market in Serbia is characterized by one of the highest unemployment rates of the working population （aged 15 to 64）. Also, it is notified that the unemployed level of the qualification is very low and that there isn＇t enough space in the existing formal educational system for any new introductions （such as prequalification courses, or lifelong educational concepts）. The research on the labor demand was aimed at assessing the state of the labor markets in the selected regions and at analyzing short-term demand for labor force. The analysis establishes： Which sectors of local/regional economy are being developed and are likely to require additional labor force in the next six months; which types of jobs are likely to be in demand in the aforementioned sectors; which additional knowledge and skills are needed for such occupations. The applied methodology also enabled to analyze information on vulnerable groups of unemployed, namely persons with disturbing factors in employment and the young unemployed of up to 24 years of age. In order to gather reliable data at regional level, a research was conducted on a stratified sample covering 1400 enterprises and some of the statistical labor market indicators were established indicating particularities of the labor markets in the surveyed regions -- Belgrade and Banat.     

China’s Production Sectors: Achievements, Challenges and Further Reforms

I. Introduction Sustainable growth of the Chinese economy has always been a focal point of discussion. As noted by Guo Shuqing (2004), Yu Yongding (2005), and many other economists, the Chinese economy is facing a multiplicity of disequilibrium and constraints, such as a disproportionately low share of the service sector in the whole economy, continuous external imbalance of payments, unusually high investment rates, energy and environment constraints, a rapidly aging population, unfavorable…     

中国式的城市化道路

This article examines China‘s urbanization situation, which builds on observations and findings of institutional features based on many recent field investigations and research.The author first assesses the extent of China‘s urbanization at the national level and across provinces, analyzes the statistical process that has contributed to the underestimation of the extent, and then investigates and evaluates major characteristics of the urbanization. The study provides insights especially into the administrative top-down nature of developing small cities and towns during China‘s urbanization.     

Enhancing direct regional agro-aqua tourism entrepreneurial marketing by farmers＇ market or community supported agriculture in small and medium agro marketing enterprises in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is attempting to examine the feasibility application of the concept of enhancing the Direct Regional Agriculture, Aquaculture and Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing （DRAATEM） and the Small and Medium Agro Marketing Enterprises （SMAMEs） in Malaysia. This collaborative marketing concept will solve the local agro-aqua and tourism fraternities＇ plight where they are constantly preyed by the marketing scavengers or middleman and the possibility of entrepreneurial ventures by the farmers themselves. The methodology used is to determine the feasibility of Direct Regional Agro-Aqua and Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing （DRAATEM） in SMAMEs that comprising local farmers in agriculture, aquaculture and its association, Ministry of Agriculture （agencies including district agriculture department, irrigation department, FAMA） and Tourism Industry （local tourist agencies and operator）. Local agro-aqua farmers＇ demographic factors （gender, race, academic level, knowledge and experiences of agro and aqua） will also examine to determine the feasibility of Direct Regional Agro Aqua Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing concept. This study found that, there is a significant difference among factors stated with the enhancing of Direct Regional Agro Aqua Tourism Marketing Entrepreneurial concept in the Small and Medium Agro Aqua Tourism Marketing Enterprise management. The initiatives and eagerness to be successful in this concept depend on the inter-relatedness and collaborative of the tri-party of agro-aqua and tourism fraternities which constitute to the improving of their income, livelihood and generate national economy. In addition, the leadership quality of local farmer＇s cooperative, networking facility and agro-aqua knowledge are another three essential factors found to be the strong fundamental of improving the income and livelihood of local farmers. The implication of this study is upgrading of farmers income and livelihood minus the role of middleman by enhancing Direct Regional Agro-Aqua Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing concept which is a pivotal role in managing agro sector effectively. This could contribute since agriculture is considered as the third engine of growth in the Malaysian economy. The devised models could be used to achieve the goal. As well as to provide further groundwork to assist existing and would be agro managers; entrepreneurs or agro-agencies to upgrade farmers＇ income and generate country＇s economy by enhancing Direct Regional Agro-Aqua Tourism Entrepreneurial Marketing （DRAATEM） concept in Small and Medium Agro Marketing Enterprises （SMAMEs）.     

发展农民专业合作经济组织 破解“三农”问题新思维

解决“三农”问题是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容,而发展农民专业合作经济组织是解决“三农”问题的必然选择。通过对农民专业合作经济组织发展制约障碍的分析,提出加快发展农民专业合作经济组织的对策。     

以农业合作经济组织促进农业经济发展

文章认为,农业经济组织对农村经济发展、农民收入及提高农业生产管理水平等有着很大的促进作用。在我国的农业发展实践中,农业合作经济组织的发展还较为滞后,存在着行为不规范、传统意识影响严重和政府支持不够等问题。随着农业产业化成为我国农村经济发展的必然趋势,一家一户的传统农业生产方式将越来越不适应我国的经济发展,广泛实行农业合作经济组织将是我国农业生产的必经之路。     

基于供应链的农民专业合作经济组织绩效评价指标体系研究

文章以农民专业合作经济组织作为研究对象,从供应链的视角入手研究其绩效,通过研究国内外相关文献,结合相关原则,提出了农民专业合作经济组织的绩效评价指标体系。该指标体系包括经济效益、社会效益与生态效益3个一级指标,合作社总收入增长率、合作社总资产增长率等13个二级指标,并给出了相关的指标计算方法。     

西部地区农民专业协会发展问题探析——以杨凌农民专业协会发展为例

从杨凌农民专业合作经济组织发展的现状入手,在分析农民专业合作经济组织发展取得成绩的基础上,提出了农民专业合作经济组织在发展规模、数量、层次、经费、业务范围、人才、农户参与积极性等方面存在的问题,并提出了相应的解决对策。     

构建农业合作经济组织若干基础的思考

农业合作经济组织是建立在相关的经济、文化、法律、制度等基础之上的,分析把握现阶段这些基础的基本状况．从中寻找出影响其发展的有利条件和不利因素,有针对性地采取措施,扬长补短,对于促进农业合作经济组织的健康快速发展,充分发挥其在农业产业化、提高农民组织化程度方面的作用以及加快“三农”问题的解决有重要的意义。     

论农民合作经济组织的合作治理——以霍山县农民合作经济组织为例

农民合作经济组织是农民的自助组织,它提高了农民组织化程度和市场竞争能力,对维护以农民为主体的弱势群体利益发挥了巨大的作用。在其发展过程中,面临外部法律地位及内部合作治理两大难题。本文以霍山县农民合作经济组织为例,探讨了其法律地位及合作治理问题。     

水富县农村合作经济组织的发展与思考

农村合作经济组织在农村经济发展中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文以云南省水富县为例,分析了其农村合作经济组织存在的问题及发展潜力,并对该县农村合作经济组织的进一步发展提出政策建议。     

加快发展农村合作经济组织的问题研究

农业是经济发展、社会稳定、国家自立的基础。农民和农村问题始终是中国革命和建设的根本问题。尊重农民的意愿和选择，大力发展农村合作经济组织，是实现我国的社会稳定和全面进步，从而实现小康社会目标的重要举措。     

茶叶专业合作社利益分配分析――以安溪县举源茶叶专业合作社为例

通过案例分析茶叶专业合作社的利益分配关系,发现合作社存在3个经济独立核算、盈余按出资额比例分配的内部组织,以资金、技术、管理方式出资的比例大,难以依法实施可分配盈余不低于60%按社员交易量(额)比例进行分配;提出政府应当加大合作社金融支持、技术与管理培训力度,限定资金、技术、管理的出资额比例,以促进合作社依法进行利益分配的法律建议。     

农产品批发市场与农民专业合作社的组织层次分析——从交易成本的角度

文章运用交易成本理论分析了农产品批发市场与农民专业合作社在组织中的层次。分析研究认为：在组织层次中农产品批发市场与农民专业合作社都是市场、科层两种组织之间的混合组织。但与农民专业合作组织相比,农产品批发市场的交易成本高,具体表现在资产专用性程度高、信息不对称以及外部性大。因而农产品批发市场更接近市场的组织,农民专业合作社接近于科层。在此基础上还提出了相关政策建议。