The determinants of entry and exit rates into U.S. manufacturing industries

Entry and exit rates are examined across a fairly large sample of 4-digit U.S. manufacturing industries. Market growth significantly increases (reduces) entry (exit) rates. Profits increase entry rates. Advertising clearly acts as an entry barrier. Sunk capital costs seem to deter exit. While entry and exit rates are related in the sample, whether they are simultaneously determined is unclear.     

Order of entry and performance in international markets

The inter-market and intra-market orders of entry and their performance consequences are examined for an industrial product. First entrants consist typically of both multinational and local firms, while early followers are multinational firms, and later entrants are smaller, local firms. A strong order of entry-market share relationship is observed in international markets. First entrants and later entrants outsurvive early followers. The analysis reveals a strategy for achieving both first-entry into many markets and dominance within those markets. Simultaneous entry into multiple markets occurs infrequently and in mature stages of the product life-cycle.     

Capabilities development and deployment activities in born global B-to-B firms for early entry into international markets

This paper sets out to understand how entrepreneurial founders of born global firms acquire, transform and deploy new knowledge resources for early internationalization. Adopting a dynamic capabilities view and using a sample of high-tech B-to-B firms, we report that the new firm's early entry into international markets is executed through three transitionary phases. Founders transform the operational capabilities they endow to the firm, develop dynamic capabilities for use in opportunity exploitation, and deploy these to develop knowledge-intensive products that they take to chosen niche markets. The paper contributes to the B-to-B global marketing literature by uniting it with born global and INV internationalization research, and elucidating the three phases through which founders manage early internationalization. The roles played by entrepreneurial founders and particular capabilities are discussed.     

An empirical model of entry and exit in airline markets

This article considers the effect of airline hub-and-spoke systems on the entry and exit behavior of rival firms in the U.S. airline industry. An analysis of simple entry and exit decisions provides insight into equilibrium conditions that are used to specify discrete choice econometric models. The empirical evidence indicates that hub-and-spoke network characteristics are significant determinants of entry and exit decisions in individual citypair markets.     

Some determinants and effects of FDI in Singapore

This article analyses the microeconomic determinants of effects of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Singapore by seven propositions, using the available secondary data. Variables discussed are related to the areas of industrial structure, economic growth, trade, international competitiveness, productivity and skill intensity. It attempts to draw a pattern on the determinants and effects of inward and outward FDI in Singapore.The research for this paper was partially funded by the Centre for International Business Studies, The University of Western Ontario. This paper is a revised version of a paper presented in Bellagio, Italy in October 1983 which will appear in Dunning (1985).The author is a Professor at the School of Business Administration, The University of Western Ontario.     

Foreign entry and survival: Effects of strategic choices on performance in international markets

This paper investigates effective strategies that can reduce the risk of failure in international expansion by examining the entry and survival of foreign subsidiaries in the U.S. computer and pharmaceutical industries over the 1974-89 period. Using a hazard rate model, we examine the effects of (1) diversification strategies, (2) entry strategies, and (3) organizational learning and experience on the survival probabilities of foreign subsidiaries. The results show a higher exit rate for foreign acquisitions and joint ventures than for subsidiaries established through greenfield investments. The results also indicate a higher exit rate for subsidiaries that diversify than for those that stay in the parent firm's main product areas. Finally, the results show that firms benefit from learning and experience in foreign operations, which improves the chances of success for subsequent foreign investments. These findings shed light on the dynamic process of international expansion and the evolution of the multinational corporation.     

Portfolio diversification into the Asia-Pacific capital markets: A currency perspective

This paper examines the potential benefits of international investment in the Asia-Pacific capital markets. Using the viewpoints of U.S., Hong Kong and Japanese investors, the study shows that the returns from international investment within the region are more dependent upon the state of exchange rate changes. For the Hong Kong investors, despite the adopted pegged-rate between the Hong Kong dollar and U.S. dollar, the pattern of exchange returns from investing in the region resembles that of Japan rather than that of the U.S.     

Future requirements for unrestricted entry into confined spaces

An overview of the current requirements for confined spaces. Special attention is given to the toxic levels and applicability of the threshold limit values to the requirements for entry into confined spaces.     

Top executive commitment to the status quo: Some tests of its determinants

Some top executives are more committed to the status quo—particularly to their organization's current strategy and leadership profile—than are others. Most empirical research on upper echelons treats psychological phenomena as a ‘black box’—the unobserved intervening mechanisms—that causes associations between more observable executive characteristics and organizational outcomes. In contrast, this paper attempts to directly examine the determinants of an important element of an executive's psychological orientation—commitment to the status quo (CSQ). We focus on a select set of variables which have been posited in prior research as determinants of executive CSQ, but which have not been directly tested for such a relationship. Based on a large-scale survey methodology, results suggest that an executive's tenure in an industry is a pronounced determinant of CSQ, and has significantly more impact than organizational tenure. As expected, the firm's current performance was found to be positively related to CSQ; this relationship was stronger in high-discretion than in low-discretion industries. Finally, the project reaffirms a well known human tendency: incumbent CEOs tend to believe that their eventual successors should be just like them.     

加入WTO对我国建筑业的一些影响

面对加入世贸组织的前景，分析我国建筑业与国外的差距，认为主要差距存在于工程管理方面，这种差距又突出表现在工程的成本意识，赢利途径、动态监控以及复合型人才、现代企业制度和接轨环境等重点上。并从组建强有力的项目管理班子，了解掌握FIDIC合同条款，学会工程项目风险管理，掌握国外项目管理软件的应用，学会按国际惯例解决项目承包中的争议问题等5个方面论述了我国建筑企业面对“入世”应采取的相应对策。     

入世:电力施工企业如何应对

入世在即,原本僧多粥少的电力建设市场更是雪上加霜。本文简析了WTO对电建市场的影响及电力施工企业应采取的措施。     

国际工程承包企业如何面对WTO的机遇和挑战

我国加入WTO给国际工程承包企业带来了更多的机遇,根据市场互换原则,建筑市场对等开放,我国国际工程承包企业承揽国内外的外资工程项目的机会增多,同时国际合作也将大大加强,但带来机遇的同时,也带来了挑战,同行业竞争更加激烈,经营机制不适应,复合型人才匮乏等等,本就我国国际工程承包企业如何面对加入WTO带来的机遇和挑战,如何大力发展我国国际工程承包事业进行了探讨。     

加入WTO后对我国水环境标准化的影响及对策

通过了解和分析国内外水环境标准的概况、选取案例对比分析、剖析加入WTO后对我国水环境标准化的有利和不利影响,从而提出了加入WTO后我国水环境标准化应采取的对策与建议。     

人力资源会计有关问题的探讨

人力资源会计是会计学的一个新兴的重要分支学科。它是市场经济的产物。本文首先论述了在我国建立人力资源会计的必要性。然后对人力资会计的确认与计量问题作了一些探讨,并对人力资源成本会计和人力资源价值会计进行了分析。提出了在我国建立人力资源会计的设想,包括建立人力资源会计的原则,账户的设置,人力资源会计的报告和人力资源财务比率。最后论述了人力资源会计在我国企业管理中的运用,在员工流动、工资、人力资源部门的性质和地位方面提出了自己的见解。     

加入WTO后对我国水文水资源标准化的影响及对策

通过对国内外水文水资源标准现状及具体项目流量及输沙测量中外标准的对比分析,阐明我国水文水资源标准化的优势与差距,并剖析了加入WTO后对我国水文水资源标准化的影响,进而提出相应的对策与建议.     

Competition and the performance of hospital markets

This paper explores the relationship between competition and market performance for the primarily nonprofit industry, hospital services. A theoretical framework is adopted that assumes hospitals compete for physician affiliations on the basis of hospital price and resources provided. The model indicates that monopoly power leads to higher quality-adjusted hospital prices, resulting in a reduction in the level of hospital resources consumed. This reduction can occur through admissions, patient length of stay, or resources consumed per patient-day. A regression analysis reveals that all three are reduced as market concentration increases.     

Emerging capital markets: A case study of equity markets in Pakistan

The Pakistan financial system displays all the classic characteristics of an emerging market: market capitalisation amounts to only 5.5% of GNP; less than 0.3% of the population are shareholders, resources mobilised through the capital market are insignificant compared to that through the banking system, and equities account for about 4% of the assets of the financial system.The pricing of both equity and debenture capital is administratively set by the Government. This has resulted in the shares of well-managed companies being issued at below market clearing price. Consequently, new shareholders benefit at the expense of original shareholders. Underwriters are denied any useful function and underwriting commission does not reflect perceived issue risk.There is a paucity of stock of well-run companies. The market also suffers from inadequate information flow and faces some fundamental institutional weaknesses. If the share buying habit is to increase and if savings are to be channelled into financial markets, appropriate mechanisms need to be developed for both broker and investor protection.The views expressed in this paper are those of its authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions of the International Finance Corporation. The information presented here in has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but is not guaranteed as to completeness or accuracy.     

加入WTO后对我国水利技术装备与产品标准化的影响及对策

通过了解和分析国内外水利技术装备及产品的概况、选取案例对比分析、剖析加入WTO后对我国水利技术装备及产品标准化的有利和不利影响,从而提出了加入WTO后我国水利技术装备及产品标准化应采取的对策与建议。