Endogenous choice on tax instruments in a tax competition model: unit tax versus ad valorem tax

This paper analyzes an endogenous choice problem with regard to tax instruments in a capital tax competition model. Using a symmetric and two-region model of tax competition, where each region is allowed to choose either a unit or an ad valorem tax, we show that selecting a unit tax as a policy instrument is the dominant strategy.     

A welfare comparison of ad valorem and unit tax regimes

This paper strives to merge two strands of the literature. The first group of papers compares ad valorem and unit taxes in a tax competition framework in terms of welfare. The second group of papers regards capital income taxes as a conjunction of taxes on pure profits and taxes on capital income. We find that, given decreasing returns to scale, there always exists a level of the share of deductible capital costs strictly smaller than one, such that for all values larger than this threshold, an ad valorem tax regime unambiguously Pareto-dominates a unit tax regime.     

节税三策

2010年,吉利成功收购沃尔沃100％的股权,成为中国汽车企业成功收购国外豪华汽车企业和品牌的第一宗案例,吉利汽车因此成为了国内外学术界及实务界关注的焦点。然而,民营企业在快速发展的过程中并没有得到国家特殊的倾斜性税收优惠,因此企业自身只有主动地进行有效的税务筹划,才能实现企业价值最大化。     

企业所得税视同销售业务的会计处理与纳税调整

视同销售是指企业发生特定的提供商品或劳务行为后,会计上对此一般不作为销售业务核算,不确认会计收入,而税法却规定视同销售实现,要求计算销售(营业)额并计算应交税金.本文只就自产产品视同销售的一般情况加以阐释.     

The incentives for tax planning

We use a proprietary data set with detailed executive compensation information to examine the relationship between the incentives of the tax director and GAAP and cash effective tax rates, the book-tax gap, and measures of tax aggressiveness. We find that the incentive compensation of the tax director exhibits a strong negative relationship with the GAAP effective tax rate, but little relationship with the other tax attributes. We interpret these results as indicating that tax directors are provided with incentives to reduce the level of tax expense reported in the financial statements.     

增值税改革提示——研发机构采购设备的增值税优惠政策解读

允许增值税一般纳税人抵扣采购固定资产的进项税额,是2009年增值税转型中最主要的一项政策变化。包括研发机构等在内的外商投资企业,在原增值税法规下所享受的采购设备进口环节免税待遇也因此被取消。     

Value-added tax options for India

The pressures of aggregate revenue, the requirement of a reduced role for customs duties for the liberalization of the economy, and the complexity and strains of the current system together point clearly toward the desirability of tax reform in India. Since domestic indirect taxes provide the major source of revenue, they deserve special attention. This paper argues that India would benefit from moving toward a system of value-added taxation (VAT) and focuses on the way in which a VAT (or VATs) can be best introduced into India given the country's federal structure. Three different options are distinguished: a central VAT, dual VAT, and states' VAT. We argue that the first is politically infeasible, that the second represents the best way forward in the short term, and that the third deserves consideration as a long-run option. Special attention is paid to the problems that would arise under either a states' or a dual VAT with regard to taxing interstate trade.     

R&D tax incentives: a reappraisal

This paper examines R&D tax incentives in oligopolistic markets. We characterize the conditions under which tax incentives reach the socially desirable level of firm-financed R&D spending. The outcome of the market depends not only on the level of technological spillover in the industry but also on the degree of strategic interaction between the firms. One major result emerges from the model: The socially desirable level of R&D investment is not necessarily reached by subsidizing R&D. When the technological spillover is sufficiently low, the government might want to tax R&D investments, and this result does not necessarily arise because firms are overinvesting in R&D. There are also cases in which an R&D tax is desirable even though firms are underinvesting in R&D compared with the first-best optimum. In practice, this theoretical finding calls for a lower sales tax combined with an R&D subsidy in oligopolistic industries with high technological spillovers, and a lower sales tax combined with an R&D tax in oligopolistic industries with low technological spillovers.     

Structuring a tax efficient international operation

International taxation is rapidly increasing in importance in the U.S. business environment. As a student preparing for a career in public accounting or industry, it is vital that you have familiarity with key international tax issues. In this case, you will participate in a detailed tax-planning exercise involving a multinational corporation that is restructuring its tax operations. In the process, you will be exposed to a wide-ranging array of real-world tax issues: tax theory, source of income, transfer pricing, foreign tax credits, the foreign earned income exclusion and Subpart F income. The case also incorporates questions designed to help you explore the financial accounting implications of tax planning. The case consists of three tax modules and each module emphasizes two to three specific tax issues. Two of the modules also contain a subset of tax-related financial accounting questions. To complete the case successfully, you will be required to understand basic international tax theory, to engage in the tax research process and to apply your theoretical knowledge in analyzing complex business scenarios.     

The underwhelming demand for poll tax

As the poll tax has entered the centre of the political arena, public opinion has changed to the extent that it is now fair to say ‘the more they know about it, the less they like it’. There is a high political cost to pay for a policy change which has more losers than gainers.     

关于外藉个人所得税纳税义务的判断

本文拟以纳税人取得工资薪金所得为主,在逐一剖析各影响因素基础上,试图得出有关外籍个人所得税纳税义务判断的一般规律.     

分回利润(股息)的税务处理

业在国内投资、联营取得的税后利润,如果存在地区间所得税适用税率的差异,在旧的《企业所得税纳税申报表》中,通过《纳税项目调整表》将其已并入利润部分调减应纳税所得额,单独计算其补税问题。按现行规定,投资方先将分回的投资收益还原为应纳税所得(或称税前利润)计入收入总额     

Transfer pricing as a tax compliance risk

This paper studies the role of transfer pricing as a critical compliance issue. Specifically, we analyse whether and to what extent the perceived risk associated with transfer pricing responds to country-, industry- and firm-specific characteristics. Empirically, transfer pricing risk awareness is measured as a professional assessment reported by the person with ultimate responsibility for transfer pricing in their company. Based on a unique global survey conducted by a Big 4 accounting firm in 2007 and 2008, we estimate the number of firms reporting transfer pricing being the largest risk issue with regard to subsequent tax payments. We find that transfer pricing risk awareness depends on variables accounting for general tax and transfer pricing specific strategies, the types and characteristics of intercompany transactions the multinational firms are involved in, their individual transfer pricing compliance efforts and resources dedicated to transfer pricing matters.     

Entry in tax competition: a note

This paper extends the tax competition analysis of public inputs to the case where the number of regions that compete for business investment is endogenous. To determine the number of competing regions, a fixed cost of regional development is introduced into the Zodrow–Mieszkowski model of public-input provision. It is shown that allowing for region entry does not affect the analytical results of inefficient public-input provision under tax competition. This paper also shows that the equilibrium number of competing regions is inefficient.     

Mobile tax base as a global common

If countries anticipate international Bertrand competition in tax rates, they may expend effort that makes some of their taxpayers less mobile or increases the mobility of taxpayers elsewhere. Piecemeal evidence on what activities countries use is provided. Such activities are analyzed that interact with Bertrand tax competition if the size of the groups of loyal and nonloyal citizens or investors is endogenous. Further, the implications of tax harmonization and minimum taxes for these types of nonprice competition are considered. Home attachment reduces the intensity of tax competition, but generates a strategic disadvantage for the country that invests much in such home attachment. Harmonization of taxes and high minimum taxes can intensify countries’ investment in home attachment.      

我国定期定额征税制度检讨--以陈德惠律师涉嫌偷税案为例

征纳之间由于对税收定额的理解不一致,导致纳税人经常因此遭受责罚。本文认为应当维护纳税人的信赖利益,免除纳税人在定额之外的纳税义务,即使不能免除,纳税人不申报超定额税收的行为也不具有可罚性。     

The effects of system design alternatives on the acquisition of tax knowledge from a computerized tax decision aid

Accounting firms are intensifying their reliance on experiential learning, and experience increasingly involves the use of computerized decision aids [Messier, W. (1995) Research in and development of audit decision aids. In R. H. Ashton & A. H. Ashton, Judgment and decision making in accounting and auditing (pp. 207–230). New York: Cambridge University Press]. Accountants are expected to learn from automated decision aid use, because the aids are not always available when dealing with the aid's topical matter, and the knowledge inherent in the aid is needed for competency on broader issues. To facilitate knowledge acquisition and explain the logic of the underlying processes, computerized decision aids provide the rationale for their calculations in the form of online explanations. We study how the location of explanations in a computerized decision aid affects learning from its use. Specifically, this research extends the existing literature by using a framework for the study of learning from decision aid use and by using cognitive load theory to explain the failure of certain decision aid design alternatives to promote learning. We define learning as the acquisition of problem-type schemata, and an experiment is performed in which cognitive load is manipulated by the placement of explanations in a computerized tax decision aid to determine its effect on schema acquisition. Schemata are general knowledge structures used for basic comprehension, and cognitive load refers to the burden placed on working memory when acquiring schemata. We find that increased cognitive load produced by the location of explanations in a decision aid leads to reduced schema acquisition. Our results indicate that when explanations in a computerized decision aid are integrated into its problem solving steps, cognitive load is reduced and users acquire more knowledge from aid use. This appears to be an important design consideration for accounting firms buying or building computerized decision aids.     

个体税收征管中存在的问题及对策

当前,个体经济的迅速发展使来源于个体经济的税收收入在税收总体收入中所占比重逐年加大.以深圳市福田区为例,从2000年1月1日至2004年3月31日,个体经济所占比重由1 6.03%上升到20.86%,但是与国有和集体经济相比,个体经济税收增收幅度小,在征管中还存在一些问题,致使偷逃税现象比较严重.