自雇的时代特征、变迁与发展趋势

在信息化、数字化和智能化快速发展的今天,自雇就业形式正在发生变化,本文基于国内外关于自雇的研究调查以及新时代数字化背景下的中国就业现状进行分析研究,探究自雇的发展历程、变迁及其未来发展趋势。     

中国农村区域收入不均等变动：基于经济发展和制度变迁的解释

本文利用改革以来的中国省级农村居民收入数据,首先通过基尼系数和泰尔指数两个指标的测度,分析了中国农村区域收入不均等的变化趋势。结果发现,总体上持续扩大的农村区域收入不均等由工资性收入差异所主导,主要体现在东、中、西三大区域间。而基于收入决定因素的夏普利分解结果则进一步表明,改革后农村制度变迁的区域不一致所造就的农村经济的非农化进程、物质和人力资本积累水平等增长因素的分化是农村区域收入不均等变动的最主要根源。     

离土与离乡:西部山区农户的非农兼业研究

在可持续生计分析框架下(SLF),本文发展了一个农户模型,阐释了在多重不完全市场条件下,农户的资本禀赋包括人力资本的分布特征和金融可及性等,如何决定农户参与两类不同的非农兼业活动。基于陕西周至山区的农户调查数据,文章的实证结果表明:高人力资本水平是外地打工兼业的关键因素,而本地非农经营兼业还要求农户具备较高的物质资本和社会关系资本等。     

中国农村居民收入增长及空间差异演变

考虑到惯用的可分解组合的锡尔系数的缺点,故用独立锡尔系数对中国改革开放以来不同地理空间单元的农民收入差异情况进行测度。研究认为：农民收入差异在拉大,大部分省域农民收入水平都低于全国平均值,农民收入水平从东向西呈阶梯状分布;1995年以来．不同地理空间范围内的农民收入差异具有分层现象,差异程度由高到低依次是东西部、南部、全国、北部、东中部、东部、中西部、西部、中部;中部、西部、中西部的省际差异不大,其余层次的省际差异突出。全国、南部、北部、东部、东中部、东西部省际差异的演变轨迹高度相关,它们与中部、西部、中西部省际差异的演化轨迹负相关。     

Village Elections,Accountability and Income Distribution in Rural China

1. Introduction The village election was first envisioned by the late chairman of the National People’sCongress (NPC), Mr Peng Zhen, in the mid-1980s to enhance village governance after the commune system was dissolved in China in the early 1980s. In 1987, the NPC passed a tentative version of The Organic Law of the Village Committee (OLVC), and started a 10 year experiment of village elections. In 1998, the NPC formally passed the law and elections quickly spread to the whole count…     

Household Income Determination and Regional Income Differential in Rural China

Income inequality in China at the household level is assessed by taking into account differences in needs between households and by using individuals as the unit of analysis. Inequality in China as a whole is not particularly low, largely for locational reasons. The urban — rural gap in average income is very important and very little of it can be attributed to household characteristics. Inequality is also due to differences in mean income between coastal China, central China and western China. A considerable number of characteristics measured at the household level are found to affect income. There are, however, some segments of Chinese society in which income is quite equally distributed.     

家庭收入风险对中国农村居民营养摄入水平的影响

本文使用中国营养与健康调查(CHNS)数据分析了收入风险对农村居民食物消费和营养摄入的影响。两阶段GMM估计结果表明收入风险较大对居民日均热量摄入有显著负的影响。进一步的研究发现这主要是由于收入风险提高导致居民减少在蛋白质和脂肪方面的摄入。本文的研究表明在缺乏社会保障以及收入水平较低的情况下,农村居民无法有效避免收入风险对基本生活消费的影响,突出了加强农村社会保障体系建设和稳定农村居民收入水平的必要性。     

Decomposing Income Inequality and Policy Implications in Rural China

Using village data from samples covering 6 provinces,36 counties and 216 townships,the income inequalities within and between townships in rural China are assessed. The Theil index and the mean logarithmic deviation methods enable us to test income inequality at the township level,and to decompose it into intra-regional and inter-regional at county and provincial levels. In the present paper,we also decompose income inequalities between and within the nationally designated poor counties (NDPC). The results show that approximately two-thirds of the income inequality in rural China would be eliminated if measures and policies were targeted at the county level. This study also confirms the rationale that China's poverty alleviation strategy of focusing on poor counties based on the inequalities between NDPC and non-NDPC accounts for the most inter-province inequality.     

Self-employment in urban China: Networking in a transition economy

This paper investigates the relationship between self-employment and social networks in urban China, an economy rife with informational and institutional imperfections, under-developed financial markets, but a growing and important non-state sector. Having a social network can help the self-employed access supply and credit networks, and assist in navigating an uncertain institutional environment where permissions and licenses often require inter-personal relationships to facilitate and reduce the informational costs of enforcement by dealing with known persons. Thus, holding other productive and observable traits constant including attitude toward risk where possible, social networks are expected to be a significant correlate to self-employment which is borne out by the evidence. Examining three tranches of the self-employed (those who are self-employed, those who are self-employed as a second job, and a sub-sample who have experienced unemployment and then became self-employed), the paper finds that social networks significantly predict self-employment except for those who are working for themselves as a second job. Gender differences are also notable.     

中国农村居民收入增长与波动的福利分析——基于异质居民户的数值模拟

文章在Lucas(1987)模型中引入习惯形成,并将其拓展成含收入变量的形式,在此基础上采用中国农村五等份收入户的收入数据进行数值模拟。结果显示:收入增长比收入平稳更为重要。当风险偏好不变时,两类福利成本的比值随习惯强度变化的轨迹呈倒U型;习惯形成不变时,两类福利成本的比值随着相对风险规避系数的增大而递减。在不考虑收入波动的福利成本时,促进收入增长能为低收入户带来相对较多的经济福利;不考虑收入增长的福利效应时,收入波动加剧会给低收入户带来相对较多的福利成本。因此,当务之急是增加农民收入,同时也应该兼顾收入波动给低收入群体造成的消极影响。     

Rural Income Poverty in Western China Is Water Poverty

I. IntroductionThe elimination of poverty lies at the heart of development economics, and providesthe main justification for policies of promoting economic growth and development allover the world. Although arduous efforts have been devoted to poverty reductionworldwide, about 1.2 of 6 billion live on less than $1 a day (World Bank, 2002). AlthoughChina has reduced its poor population from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2003, anoverall reduction in world poverty still depends on progre…     

我国村镇银行现状、问题及发展思路

2007年全国第一家村镇银行成立以来,我国村镇银行至今已发展达上百家,但是在市场准入、信誉度、创新能力、吸收存款和风险管理等方面还存在许多问题。针对这些问题,文章提出了加大宣传力度、完善配套机制、降低市场准入标准、加强业务创新、加强信用体系建设和建立存款保险制度等发展思路。     

China＇s New Rural Income Support Policy： Impacts on Grain Production and Rural Income Inequality

I. Introduction Since the beginning of 2004, the Chinese Government has replaced its centuries-old policy of taxing agriculture by a new policy aimed at subsidizing agriculture and stimulating rural incomes. To this end, agricultural taxes – standing at around 8 percent of agricultural incomes – were drastically reduced. By now they are abolished in most provinces. Inaddition, farmers growing grain receive a direct income subsidy, new seed varieties and mechanization are subsidized, and la…     

工业化、城市化与我国农村居民收入增长：基于协整理论的实证研究

文章建立在协整理论的基础上,运用误差修正模型和Granger因果检验等方法,研究工业化发展和城市化发展对农村居民收入增长的影响及其动态相关性。研究结论表明,无论在短期还是长期,工业化发展和城市化发展都是影响农民收入增长的重要因素,相比而言,工业化发展对农民收入增长的影响更显著更持久。因此,加速我国工业化进程是实现农村居民收入增长的重要推动力,城镇建设工作要和工业化推进有机结合,总体来说,实现工业化发展在现阶段对我国更为重要。     

韩日农村教育对我国农村人力资源开发的启示

介绍了韩、日两国在农村教育方面的成功经验,分析了我国农村人力资源开发的现状和问题,并在借鉴韩、日两国经验的基础上给我国农村人力资源开发提出一些建议。     

荷兰AOW制度发展轨迹及其对中国的启示

经过半个世纪的探索,荷兰糅合了贝弗里奇式"保障"与俾斯麦式"保险"的福利理念,于1957年建成国家养老金AOW制度。这项制度是荷兰养老金三支柱体系中最重要的组成部分,以收入税形式筹资,以居住年限作为唯一的资格和待遇条件,与第二支柱职业年金"捆绑"实现养老金目标替代率,在覆盖和待遇两方面确保养老金的充足度。AOW实行累进税制,待遇支付不与纳税额挂钩,只与居住年限和家庭类型相关,在抵御老年贫困和缓解老年收入差距方面作用突出。为应对人口老龄化,荷兰还成功地实施推延退休年龄政策,并通过提高收入税率建立了储备基金。这些经验为中国完善城乡居民基础养老金制度、建立基础养老金正常调整机制提供了有益借鉴。     

中国城乡居民收入变化规律的定量分析

文章通过数学方法对1980～2007年间我国城镇居民人均可支配收入（Ic）、农村居民人均纯收入（If）及收入差距相互关系进行反演,发现它们服从（L-If）／Ic=0．24＊Ln（（L-If）／If）＋0．50的规律;If／Ic以0．50为中心,向〉0．50或〈0．50的方向演化与城镇失业减轻或加重有关。在当前经济模式下,2020～2021年我国的经济发展形式可能会出现一定程度的转变,收入差距在城镇居民人均可支配收入中所占的比例会降低,城乡收入的相对差距会由扩大向缩小转变。     

制度、人力资本、生育率与我国城乡收入差距

城乡收入差距的持续扩大对经济持续增长、社会公正与稳定等都提出了挑战。文章选取人力资本、生育率作为内生观测变量,与制度外生观测变量一起构建城乡收入差距的结构方程模型。模型分析显示,缩小城乡收入差距的关键在于实施城乡差别的生育率政策,稳定农村生育率的同时适当放宽城镇家庭生育条件,提高城乡人力资本积累率。城乡教育结构调整可作为实现这一目标的首选政策,同时以城市化推进政策相配套。     

Public Goods, Environmental Protection,and the Development Paradigm in Rural China

I. IntroductionIn order to industrialize, China has adopted a development strategy of Urban-RuralDivergence for a long time. A striking consequence of this is that a large amount of ruralresources have flown into urban areas through a variety of institutional arrangements.What came next are such public problems as the extreme imbalance between the urban andthe rural economy, extreme deficiencies of rural public goods, and the serious destructionof the ecological environment. Its fair to say …     

我国农村居民收入结构变化的实证研究

文章通过实证分析发现,家庭经营性收入虽然其主体地位没有改变,但其所占比重和对农民收入的贡献率在下降。而工资性收入虽然所占比重次于家庭经营性收入,但所占比重和对农民收入的贡献率在上升。而财产与转移性收入所占比重及贡献率都较稳定,对农民收入的影响较小。针对这种结构变化,相应提出了增加农民收入的建议。