减税有没有空间

<正> 在当前刺激消费、扩大需求的一系列措施陆续出台之后,在经济界和企业界出现了一个值得注意的呼声,这就是要求减税。这种要求的一个主要内容是:为加大积极财政政策对经济增长的拉动,我们应当在增加财政支出的同时考虑实行减税政策。显然,这是个不容忽视的要求。     

扩大内需的财政政策取向研究

当前我国应把扩大消费需求特别是居民消费需求作为扩大内需、启动经济增长的着力点,避免形成依靠投资、出口拉动经济增长的路径依赖。政府应当运用科学有效的财政政策,通过减税和增加财政支出,促使国民收入分配向居民倾斜,着力解决我国居民消费能力不足和消费意愿不强并存的问题,推动居民消费需求增长。     

国外减税政策对我国的启示

我国国内目前通货紧缩的压力仍然很大,民间投资增长乏力,在增发国债、扩大财政支出的同时, 近年来税收收入却超常增长,能否实行减税政策成为当前普遍关心的重要问题。国外减税政策的实践对我国现阶段财税政策的制定有以下几点启示: 1.减税是政府调控经济、促进经济增长的重要工具,其作用不可替代。减税政策的作用是通过影响市场经济微观主体的决策间接实现的。减少个人所得税会增加居民的可支配收入,从而会扩     

我国财政支出与消费增长关系的浅析

改革开放以来,中国经济实现了前所未有的持续高速增长,但是在经济高速发展的同时也出现了收入不均等的急剧上升.通过对我国1978年～2011年34年的时间序列进行计量分析发现,我国财政支出的增加对消费的增长没有因果关系,也就是说不存在政府支出对消费的挤出效应,而消费支出是政府财政支出的格兰杰原因,消费支出的增加对财政支出有着正向的刺激作用.前期的政府财政支出会造成下期政府财政支出的增加.     

应实行结构性减税

<正> 按照一般理论和国际经验,刺激经济增长的反周期性扩张财政政策,应包括扩大财政支出和减税两方面。当前的积极财政政策采取的主要是增发国债扩大财政支出办法,即通过增加赤字,增发国债,扩大公共投资。1998～2001年赤字和国债发行如(表1),其中四年分别增发1000亿元、1100亿元、1500亿元和1500亿元,共计5100亿元长期建设国债,用于基础设施建设和技术改造贴息。这对经济增长虽然有一定的拉动效应,但也使财政风险增大,国债负担率迅速上升,已由1998年的9.9％增至2001年的17.4％,影响了我国财政政策的可持续性。     

结构性减税、财政支出扩张与中国经济波动

本文将消费税、投资补贴、劳动收入税和资本收入税引入居民预算约束,分析了我国结构性减税及投资补贴的经济效应。研究表明:减少资本收入税的作用力度最大,但可能使经济大幅波动;减少劳动收入税,可对经济起到微调作用;增加投资补贴在刺激投资的同时却抑制消费;减少消费税在刺激经济增长的同时会促进收入合理分配。本文在构建模型时还将政府支出引入了生产函数,认为其亦具有生产性,并通过财富负效应和收入正效应解释了政府支出对居民消费和投资的"挤入效应"。我们认为在当前经济形势下,进行结构性减税和财政支出扩张都是必要的,两者都可以从需求和供给两端同时发力促进经济平稳运行;而对债务或赤字的调控则应具有长期视角。     

小议积极财政政策的风险防范措施

积极的财政政策是有中国特色的名字，实质上就是扩张性财政政策。积极的财政政策是指通过减税和增加财政支出等措施以增加和刺激社会总需求的一种政策。减税可以增加民间的可支配收入，在财政支出规模不变的情况下，也可以扩大社会总需求。积极财政政策的体制风险是指政策的运用存在的影响市场经济体制正常运行的可能性。如果积极财政政策是在公共财政的框架内运行的，则有利于市场体制的建设与发展，不存在体制风险；反之，存在体制风险。本文结合我国实际国情，对如何防范积极财政政策带来风险进行了简要论述。     

结构性财政调控与新常态下财政工具选择

本文综合考虑李嘉图和非李嘉图两类居民个体行为,构建新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡模型,形成了一个较为系统的结构性财政工具经济效应研究框架。研究发现,不同财政工具的宏观经济效应存在显著差异,政府在进行财政宏观调控时应区别对待、审慎选取。模拟冲击结果表明减税效应相对优于支出扩张效应。在当前经济增速放缓、财政支出为主的刺激政策渐显乏力之际,政府应转变以往财政政策调控思路,逐步由大规模政府支出刺激政策向结构性减税政策调整。本文认为,应深入推行政府和社会资本合作(PPP)模式,支出重点向社保、医疗、养老及公共服务倾斜,促进政府逐步向服务型政府过渡;税收政策应主要以对消费结构性减税为主,以有效促进需求结构向消费驱动转型。     

减税政策提升了政府支出效率吗

面对经济下行压力和经济内循环为主体的新的发展格局,"十四五"时期,中国将继续实施减税政策.本文利用中国内地31个省份数据,研究了减税政策对政府支出效率的影响,同时研究了减税政策影响政府支出效率的内在逻辑.研究表明,减税政策的实施能够促进政府支出效率的提升,其内在逻辑为,减税政策的实施增加了财政压力,地方政府为缓解财政压力,就必须精打细算、优化财政支出结构,从而提高政府支出效率;在给予相同的减税政策时,地方政府的财政自主权越大、财政透明度越高,则政府的财政支出效率越高.     

结构性减税：基于扩大内需视角

2012年国内外不确定性增加，我国实体经济下滑风险加大。全球经济持续低迷，出口贸易持续下滑，外需受阻，扩大内需成为经济可持续发展的第一源泉。2012年结构性减税成为宏观调控的重要手段，通过增加居民收入、扩大投资、降低物价等，增加国内有效需求。我国应进一步完善结构性减税，确保扩大国内需求，如增加国民收入，实现藏富于民，让百姓有钱可花；完善社会保障制度，稳定消费预期；注重服务业发展，优化产业结构等。     

政府支出与居民消费——一个基于跨期替代模型的中国经验分析

政府支出的增加之所以能够引致居民消费的增长，是由于政府支出具有乘数效应。本文通过建立一个居民消费的跨期替代模型，分析了中国的政府支出与居民消费之间的关系，认为在短期内，中国政府可能通过增加政府支出的方式增加总需求，但在长期均衡时政府支出完全挤占了消费支出。     

政府支出与居民消费:替代或互补——基于非线性有效消费函数的实证

以非线性有效消费函数为基础,笔者构造了一个政府支出与居民消费的跨期替代模型,并利用1978年～2004年相关数据,实证研究了我国政府支出与居民消费的关系.研究结果表明,在短期内,我国政府支出与居民消费呈互补关系;但在长期内,我国政府支出与居民消费呈替代关系,即政府支出挤占居民消费支出.因此,在短期内,政府可以通过增加支出增加居民消费以提高社会总需求;但在长期经济均衡时,政府不宜采用支出政策来实现长期经济目标.     

Macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy in Pakistan: a disaggregate analysis

This study analyzes the macroeconomic effects of fiscal policy on macroeconomic variables in Pakistan. The study utilizes VAR framework and uses quarterly data of Pakistan from 1976Q1 to 2017Q4. The results showed that after an increase in government expenditures, private consumption and prices take three quarters to increase, while private investment follows the declining trend. Private consumption and interest rate are negatively related with taxes, while private investment and prices are positively related with taxes. Real GDP, private consumption and interest rate respond positively with an increase in developmental expenditure, public consumption and public investment. Private investment is negatively related with development expenditure, public consumption and public investment. An increase in direct tax as well as indirect tax leads to an increase in real GDP, private investment and interest rate, while private consumption takes three to five quarters to responds. Private investment and prices are positively related with non-tax revenue, while real GDP, private consumption and interest rate are negatively related. These results support the Keynesian view that government expenditure and taxes are useful tools to stimulate the economic activity, while crowding-out hypothesis holds in Pakistan as well. An active and efficient role of government is required for macroeconomic stability.     

财政支出、经济外部性与政府双重角色转换——基于DSGE模型的理论分析和实证研究

将政府财政支出分解为消费性支出和生产性支出,建立了政府消费性支出与私人消费之间、政府资本与私人资本之间的非线性替代关系函数。将政府公共生产性服务和公共消费性服务的双重角色加入动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,分析不同经济结构下政府的双重角色对中国宏观经济的影响差异。实证结果显示:政府生产性支出的弹性系数正在变小,政府生产性支出对中国宏观经济的影响在逐渐消失;在合理监管下,政府消费性支出有利于改善和提高人们的生活质量,并且不会对私人投资产生挤出效应。因此,政府应加大对财政消费性支出的监管力度。     

Ricardian equivalence,expansionary fiscal contraction and the stock market: a VECM approach

The effect of government taxation on future consumption has been explained in three ways: the Keynesian approach, the Ricardian Equivalence proposition and the German view of Expansionary Fiscal Contraction (EFC). This paper reports empirical evidence on the validity of these explanations by examining the impact of a shock in government taxation upon private consumption, once the effect of the stock market is removed. A vector error-correction model is estimated for the USA, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy and Canada for 1950–1997 and the impulse response functions of a shock in taxation and in expenditure are examined. The responses to an increase in government taxation appear to lend support to the EFC, while the responses to an increase in government expenditure upon consumption suggest that the reaction of private consumption is more in line with the traditional Keynesian approach.     

Taylor rules: Consequences for wealth and income inequality

This paper compares the consequences of “active” vs. “passive” Taylor rules for wealth and income inequality. Since the distinction is operative only along transitional paths, we compare the implications for two forms of government expenditure that generate such transitions. Our results confirm that the contrasting effects obtained previously for the aggregate economy have significant distributional consequences. For an active Taylor rule, whether the government increases its expenditure on consumption, or productively, wealth inequality will increase. Expenditure on the two public goods yields divergent paths for income inequality. Government consumption expenditure raises income inequality; productive government expenditure reduces it. If the Taylor rule is passive, an increase in either form of government expenditure reduces wealth inequality initially and over time. Income inequality initially increases, but declines over time, although remaining above its previous steady-state level.     

基于面板协整的地方政府支出与居民消费关系的实证检验

通过构建政府支出与居民消费跨期替代模型,并利用1990—2005年27个省(市、自治区)相关数据进行面板协整检验和完全修正普通最小二乘估计,我们可以看到,中国地方政府支出与居民消费呈现较弱的互补关系。因此,需要改变地方政府的投资结构,提高政府支出的消费效应。     

Government expenditure composition and fiscal policy spillovers in small open economies within a monetary union

We examine the implications of government expenditure that is complementary to private consumption, and government investment that can improve the productivity of private capital, in a global DSGE model. We show that government investment can improve an economy’s external competitiveness and stimulate private investment. If governments can finance this investment by reducing consumption that is not complementary to private consumption, then this is ex-ante budget-neutral, provides a small, but persistent stimulus without a deterioration in competitiveness, and leads to lower debt in the medium run. We also examine the cross-border transmission channels of government expenditure shocks in a monetary union when government consumption is complementary to private and public investment is productive. While both assumptions enhance cross-border spillovers, a direct import content is required to generate spillovers similar to those found in the empirical literature.     

THE SHORT-RUN EFFECTS OF FISCAL POLICY WITH USEFUL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE

This paper examines the short-run effects of changing government expenditure on output, consumption and employment. It attempts to combine the Public-Finance and macroeconomic approaches to the analysis of fiscal policy by introducing government expenditure which is 'useful' in consumption into an ISLM-type macro model which is derived from the singleperiod maximizing decisions of households and firms and which includes a government budget constraint.
The principal conclusion is that the effects of fiscal policy on output and employment depend on the 'efficiency' of government expenditure. The more efficiently government expenditure meets consumption needs, the less effective is fiscal policy to the point where the fiscal-policy multiplier may be negative.     

财政支出结构扭曲与居民消费——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

基于1997-2009年省级面板数据,分别从总量和结构两个角度对财政支出与居民消费的关系进行了经验分析。结果表明：第一,从总量角度出发,地方财政支出对居民消费具有挤入作用,说明财政支出的规模较为合理;第二,从结构角度出发,地方财政支出对居民消费具有较大的挤出作用,说明财政支出的结构严重扭曲;第三,各类财政支出对居民消费产生了不同效应,经济建设支出、民生支出和行政管理支出对居民消费具有挤出效应,科技支出与财政支农支出对居民消费具有挤入效应。