对员工自愿离职的多角度审视

对员工自愿离职大多从成本-收益或人力资本的视角来研究。组织的社会资本影响着员工的自愿离职,同时员工的自愿离职也影响着组织的社会资本。本文从成本、收益、人力资本与社会资本三个角度分析了员工自愿离职对组织绩效的影响,并阐述了从社会资本的视角研究员工自愿离职的重要性。     

人力资本·社会资本·员工自愿离职

对员工自愿离职的研究多从成本-收益或人力资本的视角来研究,其实,组织的社会资本也影响着员工的自愿离职,员工的自愿离职也影响着组织的社会资本.     

雇员离职成本分析与管理对策研究

针对目前许多企业雇员离职率高的问题,本文在对雇员离职成本构成分析的基础上,提出了一些降低雇员离职成本的建议和对策。     

员工离职影响因素的实证研究

本文提出了一个有关员工自愿离职的综合模型。模型包含4个变量：人口统计学变量、结构化变量、员工定向以及工作动机。1066份调查数据的相关分析和路径分析支持研究假设。工作满意度和组织承诺对员工离职倾向有显著影响,并且工作满意度对员工离职倾向的影响高于组织承诺对员工离职倾向的影响：工作动机通过工作满意度和组织承诺间接影响员工离职,而制度文化有7个因素显著影响员工离职。本文讨论了研究结果的理论和实践意义。     

国外离职问题研究述评

自March与Simon（1958）在其合著的《Organization》一书中对员工的主动离职问题进行了宏观层面的研究至今,国外已有不少学者展开了对于离职问题的研究并取得了大量极具价值的研究成果。本文试通过对国外学者在离职及其分类、离职意向及其影响因素与经典离职模型等方面的研究成果进行总结、分析,为我国员工离职问题的研究提供参考。     

国外离职问题研究述评

自March与Simon（1958）在其合著的（（Organization））一书中对员工的主动离职问题进行了宏观层面的研究至今,国外已有不少学者展开了对于离职问题的研究并取得了大量极具价值的研究成果。本文试通过对国外学者在离职及其分类、离职意向及其影响因素与经典离职模型等方面的研究成果进行总结、分析,为我国员工离职问题的研究提供参考。     

国外离职行为研究综述

March和Simon在1958年合著的Organizations中,从宏观的角度对雇员主动离职行为进行了研究,自此之后,学术界对此有了丰富的研究,并出现了大量非常有价值的研究结果。特别是在西方发达国家,关于雇员主动离职的研究提出了很多的理论与模型。国外对员工离职的研究较早,学者们主要围绕离职及离职意向的定义、离职意向与离职行为的关系、影响员工离职意向的因素分析以及离职模型等几方面进行研究。试通过对国外离职行为研究成果的总结分析,为我国员工离职研究提供参考。     

知识型员工离职原因及对策初探

知识经济时代的到来和市场经济的发展,作为知识创造、运用、增值的主要载体的知识型员工日益成为企业的核心竞争力,知识型员工的个体因素、企业因素和外部因素导致企业知识型员工离职的高成本产生,为此,企业管理者和人力资源部门应强化知识型离职员工的信息管理,坚持“以人为本”,培育企业文化,增强知识型员工凝聚力,注重对知识型员工的培训,为知识型员工职业生涯的发展创造条件,通过内部岗位轮换,优化内部流莉竞争机制,实施全方位的个性化激励策略,促成知识型员工成就动机的实现,从而降低知识型员工的流失率,让知识型员工与企业共同发展。     

员工离职影响因素分析

员工离职给企业带来了巨大的显性成本和隐形成本,因此受到了广泛关注。本文试图从宏观、中观和微观三个层次来剖析影响员工离职的因素,为企业进行降低员工离职率提供一些思路。     

员工群体离职研究述评

员工群体离职问题近年来频繁出现于企业。由于这种离职给企业造成的影响和损失要远远大于个体离职,因而成了我国企业管理实践关注的新热点,但相关的学术研究还较少涉及。基于此,本文通过对国内外群体离职研究文献的梳理,对群体离职概念、群体离职动因、群体离职过程模型以及群体离职的影响等问题进行了较全面、深入的分析,提出了群体离职研究需进一步关注的方向。     

Influence of market-level and inter-firm differences in costs on product positioning and pricing

The objective of this article is to study the impact of differentiation and firm positioning on firm’s pricing decisions in a horizontally differentiated competitive market. We build a parsimonious game-theoretic model and analyse simultaneous entry of firms. The effect of differentiation is modelled as an additional cost incurred by both firms based on the degree of differentiation between the firms. The cost of positioning is modelled as a market level cost affecting both firms whereby firms incur a cost if they want to position themselves away from the centre of distribution of consumers. Our analysis provides some surprising results, explains some conflicting empirical observations documented in previous research and may also be useful for further empirical research in this area by providing sharper predictions about the impact of various types of costs on market outcomes. For example, we find that if the cost of positioning is sufficiently high, then a firm with lower cost of differentiation charges a higher price in equilibrium, even when no differences in exogenous costs exist. We also find that under some circumstances the cost disadvantaged firm can enjoy higher price-cost margins compared to the cost leader thereby suggesting that higher costs could be a blessing in disguise.     

Using a spreadsheet/table template for economic value added analysis

Translating clinical research into practical applications that are cost effective has received significant attention as staff nurses attempt to expand new knowledge into an already complex daily workflow. spreadsheet/table template created in a word processing format can assist with setting up and carrying out the analysis of costs for comparing different approaches to routine activities. By encouraging nurses to take the initiative to examine parts of everyday nursing practice with an eye to cost analysis, significant contributions can be made to maximizing the bottom line.     

Cost of hospital care for elderly at risk of falling

The variables that relate to cost of hospital care for a large sample of elderly patients at risk for falling are examined. The chief predictors of cost of hospitalization were medical, pharmacy, and nursing interventions. Use of nursing interventions, on average, raised the median hospital cost less than use of medical or pharmacy interventions. Using a standardized nursing language with the hospital's information system can provide nurses with information that demonstrates the cost effectiveness of their interventions.     

Searching for the sunk cost fallacy

We seek to isolate in the laboratory factors that encourage and discourage the sunk cost fallacy. Subjects play a computer game in which they decide whether to keep digging for treasure on an island or to sink a cost (which will turn out to be either high or low) to move to another island. The research hypothesis is that subjects will stay longer on islands that were more costly to find. Eleven treatment variables are considered, e.g. alternative visual displays, whether the treasure value of an island is shown on arrival or discovered by trial and error, and alternative parameters for sunk costs. The data reveal a surprisingly small sunk cost effect that is generally insensitive to the proposed psychological drivers. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at . Jel Classification C91, D11     

The damage costs of climate change toward more comprehensive calculations

It is argued that estimating the damage costs of a certain benchmark climate change is not sufficient. What is needed are cost functions and confidence intervals. Although these are contained in the integrated models and their technical manuals, this paper brings them into the open in order to stimulate discussion. After briefly reviewing the benchmark climate change damage costs, region-specific cost functions are presented which distinguish tangible from intangible losses and the losses due to a changing climate from those due to a changed climate. Furthermore, cost functions are assumed to be quadratic, as an approximation of the unknown but presumably convex functions. Results from the damage module of the integrated climate economy modelFUND are presented. Next, uncertainties are incorporated and expected damages are calculated. It is shown that because of convex loss functions and right-skewed uncertainties, the risk premium is substantial, calling for more action than analysis based on best-guess estimates. The final section explores some needs for further scientific research.     

Retrospective database study to assess the economic impact of hip fracture in the United Kingdom

Objective:

Publications containing recent, real-world data on the economic impact of hip fractures in the UK are lacking. This retrospective electronic medical records database analysis assessed medication and healthcare resource use, direct healthcare costs, and factors predicting increased resource use and costs in adult UK hip fracture patients.

Methods:

Data were obtained from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to the Hospital Episode Statistics for adult patients hospitalized for their first hip fracture between January 1, 2006 and March 31, 2011 (index event); healthcare costs were calculated from the National Health Service perspective using 2011–2012 cost data.

Results:

Data from 8028 patients were analyzed. Resource use and costs were statistically significantly higher in the year following fracture (mean total [standard deviation (SD)] cost £7359 [£14,937]) compared with the year before fracture (mean total [SD] cost £3122 [£9435]; p?Conclusions:

Although we did not capture all pre- and post-index costs and healthcare utilization, this study provides important insights regarding the characteristics of patients with hip fracture, and information that will be useful in burden-of-illness and economic analyses.     

Neither market nor hierarchy—coordination costs in the allocation of track capacity in the Swedish railway network

Transaction costs have been an issue since the advent of the deregulation of the European railway markets in the 1990s. Transaction cost economics received renewed attention in research on the deregulated railway markets in the EU after the publications of two influential reports in the early 2010s. In this article, we develop a model that enables classification and measurement of transaction costs and other coordination costs in deregulated markets. This model is then used to analyze the costs of path allocation in the Swedish railway sector and to compare the results with findings in previous research. We also discuss the economic rationale of the distribution of coordination costs among the involved parties. Our key empirical findings are that the total coordination costs in the Swedish market-mimicking path allocation process are as low as or lower than the most cost-efficient market coordination processes studied in railway markets, and that the state administrations take on nearly all the coordination costs in order to minimize the effects of opportunism, rent-seeking and information impactedness. Another finding is that the size of the coordination costs found by different studies seems to be dependent on whether a bottom-up or a top-down approach is used.     

Cost of fractures commonly associated with osteoporosis in a managed-care population

Objective: To examine direct costs of hip, vertebral, and non-hip non-vertebral (NHNV) fractures, and to estimate the rate of osteoporosis (OA) diagnosis and treatment in the fracture population.

Methods: Subjects ≥ 45 years with a new hip, vertebral, or NHNV fragility (closed) fracture between June 30, 2002 and June 30, 2006 were studied retrospectively. All-cause and fracture-specific medical costs were calculated from medical claims in the 12-month baseline and follow-up periods. Total healthcare costs included pharmacy and medical costs. Diagnosis for OA and OA treatment were identified in both the baseline and follow-up period from diagnosis codes on medical claims for OA, and from pharmacy claims for treatment. Analyses were performed separately for commercial (COM) and Medicare Advantage (MA) populations and stratified by fracture type. Generalized linear models were estimated for total follow-up healthcare cost.

Results: The study sample included 36,521 COM and 10,160 MA subjects. Hip fracture subjects had the highest follow-up medical costs in unadjusted and adjusted analyses (COM: mean $35,898; median $22,945; MA: mean $32,919; median $26,047). Follow-up costs were much higher than baseline costs. Fracture-related costs accounted for a large proportion of follow-up medical costs. Although rates of osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment increased from baseline to follow-up, the majority of both COM and MA subjects had no evidence of osteoporosis diagnosis or treatment in either period.

Conclusions: Despite limitations of this study, including conventional generalizability issues, and sensitivity and specificity of claims-based diagnoses, results are consistent with other research and provide compelling results of substantial cost burden of fractures related to osteoporosis. Low rates of osteoporosis diagnosis and treatment among patients with costly fragility fractures underscore the opportunity for managed care organizations to initiate comprehensive disease management programs in osteoporosis.