对员工自愿离职的多角度审视

对员工自愿离职大多从成本-收益或人力资本的视角来研究。组织的社会资本影响着员工的自愿离职,同时员工的自愿离职也影响着组织的社会资本。本文从成本、收益、人力资本与社会资本三个角度分析了员工自愿离职对组织绩效的影响,并阐述了从社会资本的视角研究员工自愿离职的重要性。     

人力资本·社会资本·员工自愿离职

对员工自愿离职的研究多从成本-收益或人力资本的视角来研究,其实,组织的社会资本也影响着员工的自愿离职,员工的自愿离职也影响着组织的社会资本.     

雇员离职成本分析与管理对策研究

针对目前许多企业雇员离职率高的问题,本文在对雇员离职成本构成分析的基础上,提出了一些降低雇员离职成本的建议和对策。     

论施工阶段项目成本控制

施工阶段的成本控制是施工企业能否有效进行项目成本控制的关键。一般来讲,施工项目成本控制的方式往往通过削减工程项目的直接成本、降低间接成本、控制质量成本、缩短工期及增加预算外收入等途径来实现。本文结合施工阶段成本控制过程中的各重要影响因素以及环节,浅谈如何提高施工阶段成本控制水平。     

知识型员工离职原因及对策初探

知识经济时代的到来和市场经济的发展,作为知识创造、运用、增值的主要载体的知识型员工日益成为企业的核心竞争力,知识型员工的个体因素、企业因素和外部因素导致企业知识型员工离职的高成本产生,为此,企业管理者和人力资源部门应强化知识型离职员工的信息管理,坚持“以人为本”,培育企业文化,增强知识型员工凝聚力,注重对知识型员工的培训,为知识型员工职业生涯的发展创造条件,通过内部岗位轮换,优化内部流莉竞争机制,实施全方位的个性化激励策略,促成知识型员工成就动机的实现,从而降低知识型员工的流失率,让知识型员工与企业共同发展。     

浅谈高速公路工程的成本管理与控制

工程施工项目的成本控制是考核施工项目经济效益的综合性指标.实际工作中应遵循施工项目成本控制的原则,在工程项目实施过程中,对工程项目成本进行有效的组织、实施、控制、跟踪、分析和考核等管理活动,以达到强化经营管理,完善成本管理制度,提高成本核算水平,降低工程成本,实现目标利润,创造良好经济效益的目的的过程.从降低工程成本,增加收入两方面着手,对施工项目成本进行合理的控制.结合我们施工的绥满高速公路项目的成本控制过程,现将项目成本控制的一些心得体会进行总结归纳.     

员工离职成本与企业在职培训*

假设员工转换工作的“离职成本”是员工的私人信息,对企业而言服从特定分布,企业对员工采取（买方的）三级区别定价。企业的在职培训既提高员工的劳动生产率,又改变员工离职成本的分布,最终影响员工的离职率和“生产率—工资”之差。这两个作用都会影响企业投资于在职培训的激励。已有文献仅关注后一个激励,本文模型则二者兼顾,研究了企业在职培训的决定因素,以及企业培训与员工离职的关系。本文证明,即使没有压缩的工资结构,企业仍有激励提供一般性员工培训。较高的离职率也可以伴随着较高的培训水平,从而同时实现培训效率和劳动力配置效率。本文认为这是欧洲“双元制”培训体系的成功经验,可作为我国经济转型升级的政策参考。     

建设工程成本价的评审方法研究

施工企业不能以低于建设工程成本价的报价参与竞标,因此,在评标过程中如何判断建设工程的成本价非常重要。建设工程的施工成本价应根据施工企业的综合实力确定,是企业的个别成本,不是社会的平均成本。本文从建设工程施工成本价的组成出发对成本价的评审方法做了一些探索。     

中国自愿和非自愿外汇储备的实证分析

我国外汇储备保持持续快速增长态势,目前已成为仅次于日本的第二大外汇储备国。在此背景下,中国的外汇储备问题引起了广泛的关注。本文从外汇储备的来源结构出发,将外汇储备划分为自愿储备和非自愿储备,分析我国外汇储备增长的来源。文章在对外商直接投资、证券投资、其他投资、净误差和遗漏项等账户进行分析的基础上,估算和确定了国际收支平衡表中的具体项目对自愿储备和非自愿储备的实际贡献,指出我国外汇储备的变动在一定程度上是由非自愿的外汇储备变动引致的。文章最后探讨了自愿和非自愿外汇储备所带来的经济影响,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

Indirect costs associated with metastatic breast cancer

Abstract

Objective:

To compare the indirect costs of productivity loss between metastatic breast cancer (MBC) and early stage breast cancer (EBC) patients, as well as their respective family members.

Methods:

The MarketScan® Health and Productivity Management database (2005–2009) was used. Adult BC patients eligible for employee benefits of sick leave and/or short-term disability were identified with ICD-9 codes. Difference in sick leave and short-term disability days was calculated between MBC patients and their propensity score matched EBC cohort and general population (controls) during a 12-month follow-up period. Generalized linear models were used to examine the impact of MBC on indirect costs to patients and their families.

Results:

A total of 139 MBC, 432 EBC, and 820 controls were eligible for sick leave and 432 MBC, 1552 EBC, and 4682 controls were eligible for short-term disability (not mutually exclusive). After matching, no statistical difference was found in sick leave days and the associated costs between MBC and EBC cohorts. However, MBC patients had significantly higher short-term disability costs than EBC patients and controls (MBC: $6166?±?$9194 vs EBC: $3690?±?$6673 vs Controls: $558?±?$2487, both p?<?0.001). MBC patients had more sick leave cost than controls ($2383?±?$5539 vs $1282?±?$2083, p?<?0.05). Controlling for covariates, MBC patients incurred 47% more short-term disability costs vs EBC patients (p?=?0.009). Older patients (p?=?0.002), non-HMO payers (p?<?0.05), or patients not receiving chemotherapy during follow-up (p?<?0.001) were associated with lower short-term disability costs. MBC patients’ families incurred 39.7% (p?=?0.06) higher indirect costs compared to EBC patients’ families after controlling for key covariates.

Conclusion:

Productivity loss and associated costs in MBC patients are substantially higher than EBC patients or the general population. These findings underscore the economic burden of MBC from a US societal perspective. Various treatment regimens should be evaluated to identify opportunities to reduce the disease burden from the societal perspective.     

融资制度绩效的信息经济学分析

融资机制的运行效率是一个国家保持经济持续增长的一个制度性基础。由于信息不对称现象的普遍存在,它所引起的逆向选择和道德风险,降低了融资绩效。因此,判断直接融资和间接融资的孰优孰劣及其适用性,关键在于这种融资制度能否有效减少信息的不对称程度,进而促进金融体系的有效性。一般而言,直接融资要求的信息充分程度较高,发展中国家具有发展间接融资的相对优势,应重视培育有效的银行体系,充分发挥商业银行的金融中介作用。     

网络效应的作用机制研究

很多学者对网络经济学中网络效应的作用机制存在不同的认识,这些认识表现在不同的经济模型中,本质上反映了这些学者对于网络的认识上的差异。网络是由位于节点上的用户构成的,这些用户通过使用相兼容的产品连接在一起。根据用户的不同连接方式,网络可以分为直接网络、间接网络与双边网络。直接网络效应理论强调了用户预期、过度惰性与过度动力以及安装基础等问题;间接网络效应理论强调了用户偏好多样化、互补品作用、一体化等问题;双边网络效应理论强调了用户需求相互依存性、小鸡与鸡蛋、单宿与多宿等问题。三种理论对网络效应的作用机制提供了不同的解释,它们之间既有区别又有联系,现实世界中的很多网络往往同时存在多种网络效应。     

规范发展直接金融

我国现在社会融资90%以上的比例集中于银行,单一的融资形式是造成金融效率低下、增大银行业风险的重要原因,必须大力规范、发展直接金融.资本市场应股权融资、债权融资共同发展,规范、发展证券供应者与需求者,完善立法和加强监管.应该建立一个以工商企业短期直接融资为主体的货币市场.     

A signaling model of environmental overcompliance

We present a theory of unilateral regulatory overcompliance as a signaling device. Firms that have a competitive advantage in the use of a cleaner but more costly technology overcomply in order to signal to an imperfectly informed, benevolent government that compliance costs are low, thereby triggering tougher regulation. We identify the conditions under which such an overcompliance signaling equilibrium arises, showing that there may be over-overcompliance in that firms may overcomply even when tougher regulation is not socially desirable. We also discuss the differential implications of the signaling theory as compared to other theories of unilateral regulatory overcompliance.     

The societal burden of pain in Germany: Health-related quality-of-life,health status and direct medical costs

Abstract

Objectives:

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of the severity and frequency of pain on health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL), self-reported health status, and direct medical costs in Germany.

Methods:

Data are from the internet-based 2010 National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS). Estimates of the impact of pain experience are generated by a series of regression models. In the case of HRQoL the physical and mental summary scores from the SF-12, together with SF-6D utilities, are evaluated within an ordinary least squares framework. Health status is assessed through an ordered logit model. Direct medical costs are estimated through a semi-logarithmic healthcare cost function. Socioeconomic characteristics, health risk behaviors, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) are introduced as control variables in all regressions.

Results:

An estimated 23.96% of the adult German population (16.39 million) reported experiencing pain in the last 30 days. Of these 13.16% reported severe pain. The experience of frequent severe and moderate pain has a significant deficit impact on HRQoL. For those experiencing severe daily pain, the deficit in the SF-12 physical component score (PCS) is ?17.930 (95% CI: ?18.720 to ?17.140), the SF-12 mental component score (MCS) is ?8.787 (05% CI: ?9.857 to ?7.716), and SF-6D absolute utilities ?0.201 (95% CI: ?0.214 to ?0.188); with self-reported health status the deficit impact of severe daily pain is also substantial (OR?=?29.000; 95% CI: 23.000–36.580). In the case of direct medical costs severe daily pain increases healthcare provider costs by 101.6% and total direct costs by 123.9%.

Limitations:

The NHWS is an internet survey. The principal limitation is that as a self-report there is no separate validation of pain severity or chronicity.

Conclusions:

The experience of pain has a substantial negative impact on HRQoL, health status, and resource utilization in Germany. If pain is considered as a disease in its own right, the experience of chronic pain presents policy-makers with a major challenge.