A note on the sensitivity analysis of the internal rate of return

In this note we discuss the sensitivity analysis of the internal rates of return (IRR). We show that the use of partial derivatives can be misleading in the identification of key drivers of an investment project's performance. To remedy this shortcoming, we propose the use of an alternative sensitivity measure called the Differential Importance Measure. The analysis shows that, even if the theoretical conditions for using the Net Present Value or the IRR as valuation criteria apply, the sensitivity analysis results for the two indicators may differ.     

我国石油石化企业合理投资回报率水平研究

我国石油石化企业在“十一五”期间资产规模基本实现翻番,但投资资本回报率与跨国石油公司相比仍存在较大差距.近些年学术研究领域提出了对我国改革开放以来资本回报率的基本判断,并探讨了总资本回报率的计算方法,但这些研究集中在社会总资本回报率方面.2010年国资委提出的经济增加值(EVA)考核办法,体现了加权平均资本成本(WACC)作为中央企业投资回报率的最低要求,但忽视了企业通过市场筹集资金所应得到的风险溢价.本文基于证券市场投资者视角,并结合石油石化企业典型项目经验等,探讨用无风险收益率加上风险收益率(风险收益率=公司风险系数×市场平均风险溢价)来衡量企业的合理投资回报率.研究认为,“十二五”期间我国石油石化企业合理投资回报率应不低于12％,这一数据可为存量资产优化和新增投入控制提供决策参考.     

Influence of Rent Differentials on the Choice between Office Rent Contracts with and without Relocation Provisions

In this paper we concern ourselves empirically with the influence of rent differentials on the choice between rent contracts with and without relocation provisions investigating the effects of relocation provisions on office rents. The study departs from the extant literature by using a switching simultaneous-equations model to estimate hedonic rent functions for alternative office lease contracts with choices of relocation provisions. The empirical results suggest that price considerations and certain lease terms are important determinants of the choice of office relocation rights. The results also suggest that certain tenant characteristics, like tenant size and creditworthiness, have only a marginal effect on the choice of relocation rights.     

Measuring the Efficiency Cost of Rent Control

This paper estimates the burden of lost producer surplus imposed on landlords by rent control. The approach employed measures the reduction in Marshallian quasi-rent from the side of the derived demand for factors rather than the short-run supply of housing.
A constant elasticity of substitution production function is employed to derive the input demand equation. The equation is estimated using post-war rent control data from five major New York State cities. It turns out that rent control reduced quasi-rent about 15%. The deadweight loss is estimated at 1.5% of gross rental payments or about 5% of net income before debt charges.     

An extended production/recycling model with stationary demand and return rates

A production–recycling system is investigated. A constant demand can be satisfied with production and recycling. The used items are bought back and then recycled. The non-recycled products are disposed of. Two types of models will be analyzed. The first model examines the EOQ-related costs and minimizes the relevant costs. The second model generalizes the first model with the introduction of the cost function with linear waste disposal, recycling, production and buyback costs. It is asked whether the pure (either production or recycling) or mixed strategies are optimal and it will be shown that under these circumstances the mixed strategies are dominated by the pure strategies. The paper generalizes a former model proposed by the authors for the case of one recycling and one production batch to the case of arbitrary batch numbers.     

An Empirical Analysis of Tenant Selection Under Federal Rent Supplement Programs: A First Step

The purpose of this study is to consider the question of whether characteristics of applicants for federally subsidized housing can be used in predicting whether one is accepted or rejected by management as a tenant. Using probit analysis, a statistical model was developed for use in assisting management in objectively screening applicants. Factors found significant in determining the probability of acceptance or rejection were credit ratings, character references, length of time employed, and student status. The percent of rent subsidized by government and sex of household head had little effect on applicant acceptance. Although a meaningful model for estimating the probability of eviction could not be developed, low eviction rates resulting from the tenant selection model suggest that it may serve as a reasonable proxy.     

网络参与者的租金来源与实现途径

网络合作虽然可以产生协同协应,但并非所有参与者都能够从中获取均等收益。本文从网络参与者的角度分析了其从网络合作中的获益,认为参与者的租金主要来源于共有租金和私有租金两个方面,具体细分为可占用的共有租金、内部准租金和溢入租金净值三种类型。这三类租金的实现与参与者所拥有的资源基础和资源属性密切相关,可占用的共有租金是网络参与者通过资源交换、联合、共享而创造的共有租金在不同参与者之间分配的结果;内部准租金和溢入租金净值是参与者的私有资源(或非共享资源)产生的独有的、不与其他参与者分享的私有租金,私有租金的实现也与网络合作密不可分。     

网络租金及其形成机理分析

交易成本经济学为考察网络组织问题提供了一个新的视角,但它并没有给网络组织问题分析提供一个合理的答案。本文从租金的角度对网络组织问题进行了研究。在对租金理论回顾的基础上,提出了网络租金概念。在分析网络租金形成机理时,除给出了一个总括性的网络租金构成模型外,还分析了网络租金的来源效应,即通过与市场组织和科层组织相比较,指出网络组织除了节约交易费用之外,还从资源互补效应、知识与规模外部效应、市场控制放大效应等方面形成交易收益。     

The Extent of Rent Sharing along the Wage Distribution

The relation between rent sharing and wages has generally been evaluated on average wages. This article uses a unique employer–employee panel database to investigate the extent of rent sharing along the wage distribution in Italy. We apply quantile regression techniques and control for national level bargaining, unobserved worker and firm heterogeneity and endogeneity. Our findings show that the extent of rent sharing decreases along the wage distribution, suggesting that unskilled workers benefit most from firms’ rents. By applying quantile regressions by occupational categories, we show that the decreasing pattern is mainly driven by blue collar workers, while estimates for white collars are higher and basically constant along the wage distribution. We also provide evidence that unions might represent one of the drivers of our findings.     

Economic production quantity model with imperfect-quality items, two-way imperfect inspection and sales return

In practices, not only production but inspection processes are often not perfect, thereby generating defects and inspection errors. Previous imperfect-quality inventory studies, however, have mostly focused on developing cost-minimizing models that do not consider imperfect inspection processes and related defect sales return issues despite their practical significance. Thus, this study proposes a profit-maximizing economic production quantity model that incorporates both imperfect production quality and two-way imperfect inspection, i.e., Type I inspection error of falsely screening out a proportion of non-defects and disposing of them like defects and Type II inspection error of falsely not screening out a proportion of defects, thereby passing them on to customers, resulting in defect sales returns. We also consider rework and salvage in disposing of screened and returned items. Then we solve the model optimally and present numerical sensitivity analyses to provide important managerial insights into practices.     

廉租住房租金定价模型探讨

本借鉴美国和日本等国政府在解决低收入家庭住房问题的做法，结合我国国情，提出应当逐渐放宽廉租住房受益范围，并对低收入家庭进一步细分，采取差别式廉租住房租金；提出廉租住房租金定价原则和租金定价模型。     

Office Rent Processes: The Case of U.S. Metropolitan Markets

This paper synthesizes elements of the traditional and contemporary theory of real estate markets to formulate an empirical framework for exploring metropolitan office rent processes. Such a framework is then applied to the analysis of office rents across 18 U.S. office markets during 1986–1995. The empirical results underscore the sluggishness of rental adjustments, highlight the extent of rental disequilibria across markets, and uncover the role of office employment factors (such as size, diversity, spatial organization, growth rates, and volatility), construction costs, interest rates, amenities, and zoning in shaping interarea differentials in the equilibrium component of office rents.     

Reverse knowledge diffusion: Competitive dynamics and the knowledge seeking behavior of Korean high-tech firms

This paper endeavors to enrich the existing knowledge acquisition literatures by specifically highlighting downsides of external ties of individuals. We introduce the concept of reverse knowledge diffusion (RKD) through external ties of individuals, and develop theoretical propositions to explain how the risks of RKD vary based on competitive dynamics and status of firms as innovation market leaders or market followers. We develop the construct of RKD to help explain why rivals may pursue contrasting knowledge seeking strategies with regards to leverage external ties of individuals, the timing of establishing these ties, and ex ante control mechanisms designed to regulate these relationships. We also discuss how our propositions advance the theory of knowledge seeking behaviors and generate future research opportunities.     

Is Real Estate Becoming Important Again? A Neo‐Ricardian Model of Land Rent

Classical economists believed that land rent as a share of total income would increase with economic growth. This belief was important to many 19th and 20th century critiques of capitalism. Land rents as a share of national income apparently declined for most of the 20th century, but increased during the 1990s. In this paper, we develop a model of the classical theory of land rent that allows rent to increase or decrease as a share of national income, depending on several parameters. It seems likely that the long decline in land rent is over and that land rent in the future will slowly increase as a share of national income.     

惠州一批玩具增塑剂超标被法国退回

近日,惠州某企业出口到法国的3387套、货值13548美元的玩具跑车,因其PVC车轮带的邻苯二甲酸酯含量超标被法国退回。玩具被退运回来后,惠州出人境检验检疫局高度重视,主动帮助企业查找邻苯二甲酸酯含量超标的原因,同日寸要求企业立即再次对塑胶料和色粉进行抽检,     

价格规制合同设计中信息租金与配置效率的协调方式

网络产业所具有的自然垄断特性使政府规制成为必要，但在信息不对称的情况下，被规制企业所具备的信息优势使政府在设计规制合同时必须面对和解决逆向选择问题。本文在考虑了参与约束和激励约束的基础上，通过建立含有信息租金的社会福利最大化目标函数，分析了企业信息租金的存在形式及其与配置效率的冲突关系，并提出了政府如何在提高资源配置效率和减少企业信息租金之间进行选择的协调方式。