陕南地区农村小额信贷存在的问题及对策

本文以陕南地区农村小额信贷为考察和研究对象，分析了该地区小额农贷在推广过程中出现的问题，并结合实际提出实现其可持续发展的几点对策：在保证贷款安全并保值增值的前提下，适当放宽小额农贷发放标准和比例；加大农村小额信贷产品创新；完善小额贷款户信用等级评定机制；设立村镇银行等金融机构。     

我国农村小额信贷需求的变化与供给研究

农村小额信贷上世纪90年代引入我国,通过在我国部分地区的试点,探索了扶贫资金到达贫困户手中的途径,使穷人获得了参与项目选择的机会或权利,减少了决策的盲目性,增强了扶贫组织的管理能力。小额信贷项目的引入,对我国农村金融改革、金融创新和金融深化产生的深远影响超过了小额信贷本身。本文基于需求的视角,从小额信贷在我国的发展历程出发,具体分析了新农村建设对小额信贷需求的新变化,提出了农村小额信贷健康和可持续发展的思路。     

关于“小额信贷扶贫”中资金运作的若干问题─—来自四川广安、仪陇地区的调研

在四川广安、仪陇地区可以看到,随着扶贫工作进入攻坚阶段,“小额信贷”已成为扶贫到村到户,防止农户返贫的最好形式,并深受贫困地区农民和乡村干部的欢迎。针对当前有关“小额信贷扶贫”模式争议较大的资金运作问题,我们重点进行了调研。 当前资金运作中引起非议的问题 小额信贷扶贫的实质是“民”间机构组织农民生产自助的一种非盈利性活动,小额信贷的资金运作与我国银行信贷业务也有质的区别。当前引起非议的主要有以下几个问题。 （一）关于非金融机构非法经营活动问题 广安区和仪陇县负责小额信贷扶贫工作的分别是区乡村经济发展…     

论农村小额信贷对农民脱贫致富的作用

长期以来，我国农村小额信贷发展缓慢，融资难问题严重阻碍着农民脱贫致富的进程，成为建设社会主义新农村的瓶颈。发展农村小额信贷符合我国国情，是帮助农民脱贫致富的有效方式，必须积极采取措施，通过建立支农信贷投放约束与激励机制，大力培育新型农村小额信贷机构，提高政府扶贫资金使用效率，营造农村小额信贷健康发展的信用环境。以促进农村小额信贷的发展。     

我国农村小额信贷的可持续发展模式探析

农村小额信贷是国际社会普遍认同的一种能够改变农村贫困现状的成功方式,它关注于农村地区中低收入群体和微型企业发展。我国现行农村小额信贷在制度、发展策略方面存在着一定缺陷。本文基于对四川仪陇农村小额信贷的调查研究,借鉴国际上成功的农村小额信贷发展经验,依照新制度经济学原理并结合中国具体国情提出对现有制度以及发展策略方面的若干建议,以实现我国农村小额信贷的可持续发展。     

我国农村小额信贷的可持续发展模式探析

农村小额信贷是国际社会普遍认同的一种能够改变农村贫困现状的成功方式,它关注于农村地区中低收入群体和微型企业发展。我国现行农村小额信贷在制度、发展策略方面存在着一定缺陷。本文基于对四川仪陇农村小额信贷的调查研究,借鉴国际上成功的农村小额信贷发展经验,依照新制度经济学原理并结合中国具体国情提出对现有制度以及发展策略方面的若干建议,以实现我国农村小额信贷的可持续发展。     

关于发展我国农户小额信贷的思考

农村信用社①在全国范围内开展小额农业信贷,对支持三农发展起到了积极的作用。但目前仍然存在一些问题:农村资金外流、小额信贷供给与普遍的小额信贷需求存在巨大缺口。本文介绍了农户小额信贷的起源、发展及在我国的应用情况,揭示小额农贷在普及推广过程中出现的问题,并试图找出合适的解决方法,给出政策建议。     

浅析农村小额信贷风险的控制与管理

近年发展迅速的农村小额信贷是我国农村金融的重要组成部分。开展农村小额信贷业务,不仅有效缓解了农民贷款难问题,而且有力促进了小额信贷机构自身的发展。虽然小额信贷发展前景光明,但从目前情况看,国内的小额信贷还处在较低的发展水平,存在例如资金供给不足、行政干预面过广、机构财务运转能力薄弱等问题。同时小额信贷也面临着市场及其自身的各种风险。为了改善我国农村小额信贷制度,推动农村经济发展．我们要采取有效措施对农村小额信贷进行风险管理。通过建立信用风险评估模型,信用评级制度,信贷公示制度等,提高小额信贷风险控制力,进一步推动小额贷款在我国的扶贫事业中发挥更大的作用,并且引导我国的小额信贷逐步向有秩序、有目的、效益好的方向健康发展。     

辽宁农村小额信贷发展现状与问题分析

目前,我国进入农村发展的新时期,解决"三农"问题是我国的重中之重。而小额信贷作为一种有效的金融扶贫方式,对于解决"三农"问题具有重要意义。本文结合辽宁省内农村经济发展的实际特点,分析了辽宁省小额信贷的发展现状,深入探讨了辽宁省内小额信贷发展缓慢的原因,并对农村小额信贷的可持续发展问题作了进一步分析。     

浅论社区规范对小额信贷自履约机制的强化

农村金融市场的特点和中国农村长期以来形成的依靠宗族关系维系的社会特点,使社区规范可以在小额信贷的运作中发挥相当突出的作用,这一原理已经在实践中得到了证实。从我国农村的人文关系角度分析,农村市场的自履约机制具有内生性,社区契约的作用机理与社区的宗族关系基础紧密联系。将信贷关系嵌入社区的社会交换关系,建立联结博弈可以充分利用社区契约的强制力和威慑力,控制并降低信贷交易的风险。金融机构应该借助社区的力量发展农户小额信贷,扭转对农村地区金融支持的恶性循环情况。     

中国农村市场中的小额信贷业务发展思考

中国农村贫困问题长期以来一直受到政府的关注,发展农村经济、增加农民收入一个重要方面是充分发挥金融的支持作用。农村小额信用贷款的出现,一定程度上解决了农民贷款难和信用社难贷款这一两难问题。它的推广,有力地促进了农民收入的增加,极大增强了贫困农户的自我发展能力,已取得了较大的发展。但是也应当看到目前我国农村小额信贷业务发展还存在很多问题。如何使小额信贷更好地服务于我国的农村金融建设和社会主义新农村建设,已经成为被广大金融从业人员关心的问题。本文对制约我国农村市场中小额信贷发展的因素进行分析,结合我国农村经济的实际情况,提出了具体建议。     

Does Allocation of Public Spending Matter in Poverty Reduction? Evidence from Thailand*

The present paper uses a panel dataset to estimate the marginal returns to different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural poverty reduction in Thailand. The study finds that additional government spending on agricultural research provides the largest return in terms of agricultural productivity and has the second largest impact on rural poverty reduction. Increased investment in rural electrification has the largest poverty reduction impact, mainly through improved nonfarm employment. Rural education has the third largest impact on both productivity and poverty reduction. Irrigation has a positive impact on agricultural productivity, but regional variation is considerable. Government spending on rural roads has no significant impact on agricultural productivity and its poverty reduction impact ranks last among all investment alternatives considered. Additional investment in the Northeast Region has a greater impact on poverty reduction than in other regions.     

基于组织嵌入型的农村小额信贷减贫模式

文章在借鉴前人研究的基础上,提出一个基于组织嵌入型的农村小额信贷减贫模式,以建立社区性的农民合作组织并嵌入到小额信贷减贫体系中,不仅可以推动小额信贷资金更为精确地＂瞄准＂＂发展型的穷人＂,而且还可以通过向金融机构和贫困农户提供服务,可以降低农村金融机构的信贷风险和贫困农户的经营风险,节约两者进行金融交易的成本,实现金融机构、合作组织和贫困农户三方的帕累托改进。     

Soil and water conservation investments and rural development in China

This study uses a unique set of annual provincial data on soil and water conservation (SWC) investments during the period 1989–2005 to estimate the impact of such investments on the extent and severity of erosion, the growth rate of agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and rural poverty reduction in China. We find that SWC investments made by local governments have a significant negative impact on the extent of erosion and (in recent years) the severity of erosion, whereas SWC investments made by farm households until recently had a significant negative effect on the severity of erosion. In its turn, the severity of erosion is found to have a significant negative impact on agricultural GDP. Estimation of the impact of the extent of erosion on agricultural GDP provides mixed results. Based on these results, we derive that one RMB invested in SWC by local governments increases agricultural GDP in 2002 with 0.84–1.25 RMB. Finally, we find that agricultural GDP has a significant negative impact on the rural poverty rate. The resulting indirect effect of SWC investment on rural poverty reduction, however, is small compared to other types of public investment. We conclude that (local) government investments in SWC do not only serve environmental goals, but also make a non-negligible contribution to agricultural growth and rural poverty reduction.     

Agro-clusters and Rural Poverty: A Spatial Perspective for West Java

Neighbouring economies are likely to influence one another. The concentration of farming activities referred to as an ‘agro-cluster’ generates opportunities for income and employment in a given region and its surrounding area. We analyse the link between poverty rates and agro-clusters by accounting for spatial spillovers. To quantify agroclusters, we employ one input-oriented and one output-oriented measure. Our analysis applies six spatial econometric specifications and focuses on 545 subdistricts of West Java, where about 10% of the population live in poverty. We find that the concentration of agricultural employment substantially reduces poverty in a subdistrict as well as in neighbouring subdistricts. We also find that specialisation in crop outputs has positive impacts on poverty reduction and that localisation externalities are fundamental to agriculture's success. These findings imply that policy interventions may be applied in a spatially selective manner because they will generate spatial-spillover effects on poverty reduction in surrounding areas.     

Food Security and Agricultural Changes in the Course of China＇s Urbanization

China's small farmers face increasing challenges because of land and water resource constraints and the effects of climate change. With the strengthened agricultural stimulus policies, poverty reduction and social protection programs, as well as the expanding international food trade, up to now China has achieved food security through small farm agriculture. During intensive economic restructuring, smallholders still coexist with large‐sized farms and industrialized agricultural businesses, but are in a vulnerable position in market transactions. Oriented to 2050, China's agricultural development and food security policies should work to improve domestic market structure, to further release international trade control and to empower smallholders.     

Public Expenditure,Growth and Poverty Reduction in Rural Uganda

Abstract: Using district‐level data for 1992, 1995, and 1999, the study estimated effects of different types of government expenditure on agricultural growth and rural poverty in Uganda. The results reveal that government spending on agricultural research and extension improved agricultural production substantially. This type of expenditure had the largest measured returns to growth in agricultural production. Agricultural research and extension spending also had the largest assessed impact on poverty reduction. Government spending on rural roads also had a substantial marginal impact on rural poverty reduction. The impact of low‐grade roads such as feeder roads is larger than that of high‐grade roads such as murram and tarmac roads. Education's effects rank after agricultural research and extension, and roads. Government spending in health did not show a large impact on growth in agricultural productivity or a reduction in rural poverty. Additional investments in the northern region (a poor region) contribute the most to reducing poverty. However, it is the western region (a relatively well‐developed region) where most types of investment have highest returns in terms of increased agricultural productivity.     

乌蒙山区贫困化形成机理与新农村抉择

乌蒙山区作为全国最大连片贫困带之一,恶劣自然环境里,不合理的人类活动致"三农"问题异常尖锐。由于区域经济发展条件差、生产力水平低、人地关系紧张、发展机制体制欠发育等要素类聚;经济贫困与生态型贫困叠加,区域掉进"贫困陷阱"。在扶贫开发新阶段,探究区域贫困化形成机理,使破解"三农"问题为主要目标的新农村建设得以因地制宜地展开。     

金融普惠可以提高减贫质量吗?——基于多维贫困的分析

切实提高减贫质量对我国打赢打好脱贫攻坚战和守住脱贫成果至关重要。金融普惠作为当前我国金融改革和脱贫攻坚的重要举措,是否有助于提高减贫质量仍是有待回答的问题。文章基于中国家庭金融调查2015年数据,从多维贫困和多维贫困脆弱性两方面出发研究了金融普惠对我国农村减贫质量的影响。研究发现,金融普惠可以同时降低农村家庭多维贫困和多维贫困脆弱性,并且对多维贫困问题严重的农村家庭有更大的作用;区分不同贫困和不同金融服务发现,金融普惠可以显著降低收入贫困、教育贫困及生活质量贫困,对健康贫困的影响则不显著;银行营业网点与金融服务点渗透、以及储蓄、贷款、保险及数字金融服务使用可以提高减贫质量,而其他金融机构渗透、信用卡使用及银行服务评价的作用相对有限。进一步地,文章研究了金融普惠减贫质量效应的环境条件,发现村庄市场及制度环境和家庭需求环境改善有助于充分发挥金融普惠的积极作用,相反则可能构成一定的制约。最后,文章检验了金融普惠的影响机制,发现促进农村家庭人力与物质资本积累、以及地区经济发展等在其中发挥了重要的中介作用。文章结论为我国提高减贫质量提供了可靠的政策工具,同时也可促进我国全面建成小康社会和经济实现高质量发展。