中国提前碳达峰情景及其宏观经济影响

第75届联合国大会上中国提出了2030年前碳达峰、2060年前碳中和的目标,引领了全球应对气候变化的进程,引起了国内外的广泛关注和热评。因此,对强化的提前碳达峰目标的实现路径及其宏观经济影响研究,具有重要的现实意义和学术价值。本文采用动态可计算一般均衡模型TECGE定量分析了强化碳达峰承诺对我国未来宏观经济的影响。设定了四个情景包括2030、2027、2025和2023年碳达峰,峰值分别为108亿吨、107亿吨、105.8亿吨和103.6亿吨,考察提前碳达峰情景与2030年碳达峰情景相比对宏观经济的影响。研究表明,提前碳达峰情景相比2030年基准情景,越早碳达峰,要求碳税价格越高,GDP和其他宏观经济变量如总消费、总进出口等都有所下降,但是第三产业占比有所上升。越早碳达峰,宏观经济变量下降越多,第三产业占比上升得越多。根据CGE模型对宏观经济影响的定量分析,本文为提前实现碳达峰目标、推进经济高质量发展提出了相关的政策建议。     

On the impacts of carbon tax and technological progress on China

Using a dynamic national computable general equilibrium model, we investigate the impact of carbon tax and energy efficiency improvement on the economy and environment of China. The Chinese social account matrix is presented based upon the latest input–output table (2012 IO table) and other data. The business as usual (BAU) scenario is designed according to several forecasts about China by 2030, followed by six policy scenarios, including different levels of carbon tax and technological progress as well as their combinations. The results show that carbon tax will frustrate the overall economic growth slightly. The CO₂ emission will be 13.81% lower in 2030 compared to BAU case if the carbon tax scheme is carried out at a rate of 200 RMB/ton of CO₂. Technological progress will stimulate the economic growth, enrich the household and government income, increase total investment and make most sectors prosperous with the exception of energy industries.     

Turkey’s employment subsidy program under the great recession: a general equilibrium assessment

The objective of this paper is to provide an impact analysis of the macroeconomic consequences of the employment subsidization programs in Turkey implemented under the post-2008 crisis period. To this end, an applied general equilibrium model (of the computable general equilibrium – CGE variety) is utilized to investigate the production, incomes generation, and aggregate demand components of the domestic economy. The analysis highlights the rather limited returns to the subsidization package, and argues that much of this was due to the dis-equilibriating and fragile macroeconomic environment under the neoliberal policy framework. The massive drop of domestic savings; a severe mis-alignment in the real exchange rate causing significant appreciation of the domestic currency; rise of the external deficit and of foreign indebtedness along with a severe fall in the total productivity effort were different facets of this poor macroeconomic performance. Thus, an important message of the study is that, had the macroeconomic balances were maintained at their historical averages, and a more competitive exchange rate could have been pursued, as much as threefolds of a gain in aggregate employment could have been generated with the same intensity of the employment subsidization package, in comparison to the historically realized levels.     

The Welfare and Resouce Allocation Implications of the U.S.Dairy Quotas

This paper examine the welfare and resource allocation implications of the U.S. dairy quotas. A computable general equilibrium model detailing five dairy sectors and nine aggregate sectors is calibrated to a 1989 benchmark of the U.S economy. The model is used to simulate the removal of the U.S.dairy quotas both the with and without a first-best subsidy to maintain a dairy farm output objective. Welfare, production, trade, and employment results are provided. The welfare cost of the U.S dairy quotas ranges from $0.7 to $1.0 billion. The first-best subsidy ranges from $2.0 to $2.3 billion or approximately $1.4 million per full-time equivalent job maintained in the dairy farm sector [F13, Q17]     

Environmental Taxation and Induced Structural Change in an Open Economy: The Role of Market Structure

Abstract. Studies of structural change induced by environmental taxation usually proceed in a perfect-competition framework and typically find structural change to be quite moderate under realistic emission reduction scenarios. By observing that some of the industries affected are likely to operate under imperfect rather than perfect competition, additional mechanisms emerge which may amplify structural change beyond the extent identified as yet. Especially, changes in economies of scale may arise which weaken or strengthen the competitive position of industries over and above the initial cost effect. Using a computable general equilibrium model for Germany to examine the effects of a unilaterally introduced carbon tax, we find that induced structural change is more pronounced under imperfect competition than under perfect competition. At the macroeconomic level, we find that aggregate losses in economies of scale are larger than aggregate gains, implying that the total costs of environmental regulation are higher under imperfect competition than under perfect competition.     

The Economy‐wide Impacts of a Rise in the Capital Adequacy Ratios of Australian Banks

Regulators are requiring banks to raise additional equity to finance their activities. The benefits are understood in terms of reducing the risks of another financial crisis. But there are potential costs, including the potential for unanticipated macroeconomic impacts as banks reduce leverage. We use a financial computable general equilibrium model, containing disaggregated treatment of financial agents, to explore the economy‐wide consequences of an increase in bank capital adequacy ratios. We find that the macroeconomic consequences are small.     

The effects on agriculture in the United States of an oil import fee

This paper focuses on the effect that a crude oil import fee would have on the various producing sectors, consuming sectors and household categories in the United States where the interrelationships between these entities is explicitly considered. Special attention is given to the agricultural sectors of the economy. Thus, in the context of a general equilibrium model, the effect of a $5.00 per barrel import fee on the producing sectors in general and the three agricultural sectors plus forestry in particular, on the consuming sectors, on households and on the government is calculated. Over the period 1984–90 with such an import fee (relative to the absence of a crude–oil import fee), the model results suggest that there will be a reduction in output by all producing sectors (except the crude-oil industry) by about $13,924 billion, there will be a fall in the consumption of goods and services by about $318 million and there will be a decline in aggregate social welfare (measured as utility) by about $208 mill ion. The government will realize an increase in revenue of about $3,622 billion. The agricultural sectors in the aggregate can expect to see a fall in output of $769 million with an attendant increase in the price of its goods as a consequence of the oil import fee.     

The Potential Benefits of Hilmer and Related Reforms: Electricity Supply

This article examines the impact of the elimination of x-inefficiency in the Australian electricity supply industry using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Australian economy. Data envelopment analysis and a stochastic production frontier model are applied to measure x-inefficiency in the electricity industry. The potential increase in total factor productivity resulting from microeconomic reform is introduced into the CGE model as a factor-augmenting technological change. The model is used to measure the macroeconomic effects of microeconomic reform of the electricity industry. The Monash model is also used to replicate the results of earlier studies by the Industry Commission (1995) and Quiggin (1997) and thereby to provide a basis for comparing the three sets of results. The results of the current study imply that the impact of microeconomic reform on economic growth could well be significant if only a small proportion of the benefits were to be reflected in terms of an increase in aggregate employment.     

Carbon Peaking,Carbon Neutrality and Green and Low-Carbon Development of China’s Economy

The successively proposed carbon peaking and carbon neutrality have not only set new goals for the green and low-carbon development of China’s economy, but also demonstrated China’s further determination and sense of responsibility for a greater contribution to address global climate change. Considering the importance of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in the course of achieving the Second Centenary Goal (1949-2049), it is necessary for China to make scientific planning for the roadmap of carbon emission reduction, carbon peaking and carbon neutrality to ensure building a great modern socialist country under carbon constraints. More specifically, the optimization and realignment of energy structure, industrial structure, production and consumption structure, the rational planning of afforestation, and the vigorous development of global carbon emissions trading will be the core strategies for boosting green and low-carbon development of China’s economy.     

我国产业结构升级对经济波动的熨平效应分析

本文基于时变参数模型的经验研究表明,改革开放以来我国产业结构升级对经济波动平稳化趋势有着显著的熨平效应,并且随着产业结构升级的不断推进,这种熨平作用亦趋明显。TGARCH模型的深入分析发现三大产业对我国经济波动幅度的影响是非对称性的:第一产业波动对经济总量波动几乎没有影响;第二产业波动对经济总量波动存在杠杆效应,而这种杠杆效应主要是由重工业带来的;但第三产业波动对经济总量波动存在明显的熨平作用,交通运输仓储和邮政业、住宿餐饮业及除五大类之外的其他服务业对经济波动的熨平效应最为显著,而批发零售业、金融业和房地产业因其自身的波动较大,对经济总量波动的熨平效应较小。本文结论的政策性启示是,为保持我国国民经济的平稳化增长势头,必须进一步优化三大产业之间的关系,深入推进产业结构升级,特别是要加快第三产业发展。     

The value of the high Aswan Dam to the Egyptian economy

The High Aswan Dam converted a variable and uncertain flow of Nile river water into a predictable and controllable water supply stored in Lake Nasser. We use a computable general equilibrium model of the Egyptian economy to estimate the economic impact of the High Aswan Dam. We compare the actual 1997 economy to the 1997 economy as it would have been if historical pre-dam Nile flows (drawn from a 72 year portrait) had applied (i.e., the Dam had not been built). The steady water supply sustained by the High Aswan Dam increased transport productivity, and year round availability of predictable and adequate water sustained a shift towards more valuable summer crops. These static effects are worth EGP 4.9 billion. Investments in transport and agriculture increased as a consequence; these investments, assuming that Egypt is a small open economy, added another EGP 1.1 billion to the value of the Dam. The risk premium on the reduced variability is estimated to be EGP 1.1 billion for a modest risk aversion, and perhaps EGP 4.4 billion for a high risk aversion. The total gain of EGP 7.1 billion to 10.3 EGP billion equals 2.7% to 4.0% of annual GDP in 1997.     

How may a carbon tax transform Australian electricity industry? A CGE analysis

The carbon tax policy proposed by Australian government has triggered deep concerns about the high electricity prices facing households and the sustainability of electricity industry. By employing a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and an environmentally extended Social Accounting Matrix (SAM), this article simulates the effect of Australian carbon tax on the electricity industry. The modelling results show that the wholesale electricity prices indeed increase by about 90%, but the retailer prices only increase by 25%. The coal-fired electricity generators will reduce their output by 8% (for black-coal) to 18% (for brown-coal), but the profitability of the industry will drop dramatically. On the other hand, generators using oil, gas or renewable resources, will increase their output significantly and enjoy a handsome profit. Through the price, cost and profitability mechanisms, the carbon tax will transfer the Australian electricity generation to a low emission industry in the long term.     

A policy model to analyze macroprudential regulations and monetary policy

We construct a small‐open‐economy, new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general‐equilibrium model with real financial linkages to analyze the effects of financial shocks and macroprudential policies on the Canadian economy. The model incorporates rich interactions between the balance sheets of households, firms and banks, long‐term household and business debt, macroprudential policy instruments and nominal and real rigidities and is calibrated to match dynamics in Canadian macroeconomic and financial data. We study the transmission of monetary policy and financial and real shocks in the model economy and analyze the effectiveness of various policies in simultaneously achieving macroeconomic and financial stability. We find that, in terms of reducing household debt, more targeted tools such as loan‐to‐value regulations are the most effective and least costly, followed by bank capital regulations and monetary policy, respectively.     

碳达峰目标下国家生态文明试验区碳强度预测及减排潜力研究

基于ARIMA-BP神经网络模型并在碳达峰目标下预测国家生态文明试验区的碳强度;同时,运用非径向方向距离函数、共同前沿理论及共同前沿非径向曼奎斯特二氧化碳排放效率指数(MNMCPI)对减排潜力进行深入探讨。研究发现：(1)由ARIMA-BP神经网络模型所得碳强度预测序列均方误差(MSE)为0.005,平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为1.95%,显示了较高的精度;国家生态文明试验区碳强度2028年相较于2005年下降67.5%,提前实现国家2030年碳强度比2005年下降65%以上的目标,其中：贵州碳强度下降幅度最大,2030年相较2005年下降77.5%,福建、江西、海南下降幅度均在65%以上。(2)国家生态文明试验区减排潜力呈波动下滑趋势,2016—2030年均减排空间达26.59%,约21649.33万吨CO₂。到2030减排潜力达21.9%,为2016—2030年最低值,由于减排潜力与碳排放效率负相关,碳排放效率越高则减排潜力越小,这意味着国家生态文明试验区碳排放效率得到优化。(3)通过探究CO₂排放效率变化,间接分析区域内减排潜力变化...     

Prospects for Some Australian Corporations Derived from a General Equilibrium Model

The ORANI computable general equilibrium model of the Australian economy has traditionally been used to estimate the effects of changes in the economy on industries. In this article the ORANI model is extended to include corporations. Medium-run forecasts of the Australian economy over the period 1988-95 89 to 1994-95 are used to estimate the effects on revenue and costs for selected corporations. These forecasts are generated by weighting the industry projections by the holdings of corporations across industries.     

Dynamics of rural-urban migration in India: 1960-1981

"This paper analyzes a multi-sectoral simulation model of the Indian economy designed to isolate the sources of Indian economic growth and urbanization since 1960. The model shares many common traits with other computable general equilibrium (CGE) simulation models, and its underlying framework is neoclassical. The model stresses spatial issues so that it can provide predictions on rural/urban labor demands, and hence on migration flows. The central issue we seek to evaluate is whether a neoclassical development paradigm can explain adequately the somewhat paradoxical patterns of urbanization and economic growth observed in India since 1960. Our conclusion is a qualified, affirmative response, based on the model's ability to replicate key macroeconomic variables."     

中国能源结构、产业结构与碳强度的动态关系——基于VAR模型的实证研究

依据IPCC中的碳排放系数和不变价GDP计算了1978—2010年中国的碳强度,采用向量自回归模型对中国能源结构、产业结构与碳强度的动态变化关系进行实证研究。结果显示:中国碳强度与煤炭消费比重以及第三产业比重之间存在长期均衡关系;煤炭消费比重对碳强度的贡献度较大,并具有持久的冲击作用;第三产业比重与碳强度负相关,短期内其影响稍弱。因此,降低煤炭消费比率和增加第三产业比重有利于降低碳强度。     

The Environmental and Economic Impact of the Carbon Tax in Australia

To fulfil its emission reduction target pledged in the Copenhagen accord, the Australian Government has determined to introduce a carbon tax from July 1st 2012. This paper simulates the effects on the environment and on the economy of a carbon tax of A$23 per tonne of carbon dioxide proposed by the government with, and without, a compensation policy. We employ a computable general equilibrium model with an environmentally extended Social accounting matrix. According to the simulation results, the carbon tax can cut emissions effectively, but will cause a mild economic contraction. Because the price signal is intact, the proposed compensation plan has little impact on emission cuts while significantly mitigating the negative effect of a carbon tax on the economy.     

An applied general equilibrium analysis of the economic effects of tourism in a quite small,quite open economy

A computable general equilibrium model is used to project the effects of tourism on the industrial and regional structures of the Australian economy. The most striking conclusion is that Queensland, usually thought to be the most tourism-oriented of the Australian states, would be a net loser from an economy-wide expansion of tourism. As well as having a relatively large share of its GSP accounted for by tourist-oriented activities, Queensland is also relatively heavily dependent on agriculture and mining, traditional export sectors which are crowded out by the expansion of international tourism.     

流转税制与所得税制的比较研究--中国税收CGE模型的应用

本文建立了一个静态税收可计算一般均衡（CGE）模型,模拟中国的经济运行情况。在此基础上,从流转税制和所得税制两种不同类型的税制模型入手,分析了包括增值税、消费税和营业税在内的中国绝大部分工商税种,并模拟几种征税方案进行比较研究,得到“我国应尽快改现行流转税制更有利于经济发展”重要结论。同时,本文也实现了CGE模型定量分析在中国财税政策的应用。