健康性别不平等与政府卫生预算的社会性别分析

从社会性别的角度分析了我国不同性别之间的健康需求、预算配置和服务受益情况。(1)我国女性人口卫生服务需求高于男性,且经济欠发达地区女性卫生服务利用受到一定程度抑制;(2)性别问题并非当前预算体制下卫生预算分配的主要关注点,但目前已有促进两性平等利用卫生服务的实际行动和措施;(3)在当前公共卫生投入政策下,两性公共卫生服务受益差异不明显。(4)现有统计信息系统大多不归集分性别资料,尤其是预算数据,因此尚无法对政府卫生预算开展深入的性别分析。要推进性别预算观念和分性别统计工作,逐步建立和完善我国的性别预算框架和操作规范,将社会性别纳入健康政策主流,使健康政策和政府卫生预算增加社会性别公平。     

社会性别统计若干问题辨析

社会性别统计是推动我国性别平等的重要工具。目前对社会性别统计存在一些不清晰的认识。针对性别统计、分性别统计、妇女统计、社会性别统计进行了辨析,认为社会性别统计与性别统计、分性别统计、妇女统计有着根本的区别,明确社会性别统计的概念和内涵,有助于推动社会性别统计研究与实践的发展。     

社会性别视角下对中国生育保险制度分析

生育保险制度作为一项保护妇女权益的制度受到广大学者们的关注,它从生育津贴、生育补助、生育医疗保健和生育休假四个方面维护了妇女在生育过程中的权利,保障妇女因生育而暂时丧失劳动能力时的基本经济收入和医疗保健。它对于维护妇女权利特别是在促进就业的性别平等方面具有重要意义。主要是从社会性别的角度出发对中国的生育保险制度进行分析,试图找出现行生育保险制度存在的问题,以期促进性别平等。     

性别视角下的妇女就业问题

“自然性别”与“社会性别”是理解妇女就业的新视角 ,必须通过思想与观念的转变来解决中国妇女的就业问题     

当代越南妇女所有企业的发展

妇女所有企业是越南革新开放后逐渐成长壮大的一种现象。妇女所有企业的发展基于政府促进性别平等和提高经济效率的目的。从其发展历程来看，企业规模、企业的经济效益和社会影响力都在逐渐增长。但从其发展效果来看，促进性别平等的目标还远未实现，提高经济效率的目标也有待进一步提高实施质量。     

流动人口的性别不平等——社会资本和人力资本视角的分析①

一、引言 时下，在努力构建社会主义和谐社会的今天，性别不平等问题日益成为当今中国人关注的主要问题。尽管我国政府专门制定了男女平等的基本国策、颁布《妇女权益保障法》和《妇女发展纲要》、成立妇女儿童工作机构等，并且这些也都为妇女的进一步解放与发展提供了有力的社会制度保障，     

性别主流化在集成水资源管理中的意义

集成水资源管理是促进管理地区水、土及相关资源协调发展和管理的过程,在该过程中,不仅强调当地居民的经济和社会福利最大化,而且要确保当地社会的公平和可持续性.广泛的公众参与和性别平等是集成水资源管理的基本原则,也是其公平、可持续性的体现.在集成水资源管理中,考虑性别问题,有利于女性在水资源管理中的充分参与,发挥妇女在水资源利用管理及环境保护中的重要作用,促进水资源管理可持续发展.此外,应用性别分析方法,能够使自然资源利用的分析更加精确.文章在介绍集成水资源管理概念和原则的基础上,结合社会性别分析理论,阐述了性别视角和分析方法在水资源管理可持续发展中的重要意义,并提出了在集成水资源管理中性别主流化的途径.     

社会性别视角下社会管理体制创新探究

随着中国改革已进入经济社会全面转型的关键时期,加快创新社会管理体制,推动建立政府与社会互动的全面管理体系,已成为学界面临的重要课题之一。研究借助社会性别理论的分析模式,通过分析社会政策对于男女两性在社会文化、教育、就业和大众媒体等方面的不同情境,探讨在注重不同性别群体特征和行为方式的基础上,如何通过社会管理体制创新找到解决存在不平等和歧视问题的解决对策和方法。     

彝族社会性别研究述评

于现状而言，彝族社会性别的研究取得了一定的成果，但没有从根本上摆脱边缘袭态，相关研究还未对彝区社会中两性差异扩大、妇女地位在某些领域下降和妇女发展趋势做出有说服力的回答，实证不充分，影响了社会性别研究对现实社会问题的探讨和解答，可以说，彝族社会性别的研究往往只注重女性，或者说是“女性问题研究”。     

农地分配中的性别平等问题

本文借助于 1 996年对山西农村抽样调查数据的统计分析 ,论证我国农村土地分配中的性别平等虽然在法律上和经济制度上得到保障 ,但是这些制度在细节上的漏洞 ,使离婚妇女缺少地权保障 ,错过村社土地调整机会的婚嫁迁移妇女及其子女暂时无地。这种现象虽然还没有对妇女在家庭内部的谈判地位产生显著影响 ,却足以使她们的家庭陷入贫困。因此 ,有必要在现行土地管理法和政府有关农地承包的规定中添加性别视角。     

性别工资差异中的企业效应

现有对性别工资差异的研究大多是基于个人样本的分析而忽略了企业的作用。本文运用企业和工人匹配的调查数据研究性别工资差异中的企业效应。研究发现,在工资决定方程中加入企业效应后工人的教育回报显著下降,且在性别工资差异的分解中加入企业效应后禀赋效应和价格效应所占的比例也显著下降,企业在性别工资差异中有着非常重要的作用。进一步研究发现,企业的外部市场环境和内部制度特征是决定企业性别工资差异程度的重要因素,市场竞争激烈的企业、经常采用计件工资制的企业以及内部职工收入差距较大的企业性别工资差异较大,小规模企业和私有产权比重较大的企业也呈现较大的性别工资差异,但工人的谈判能力有缩小性别工资差异的作用。     

Proposal for a Global Fund for Women through Innovative Finance

Despite the spread of budget initiatives for gender equality following the Beijing Declaration of 1995, resources allocated for eliminating gender inequalities remain inadequate. This paper proposes to create a Global Fund for Women through Innovative Finance (GFWIF) with the ability to raise funds through innovative sources of finance on a scale more appropriate to the estimated requirements of making reasonable progress toward gender equality (US$31–107 billion per year in constant 2014 dollars). It builds on previous calls by feminist economists for the establishment of such funds through global forms of taxation. Since donors’ commitments only meet the lower bound, the GFWIF could scale up funding for gender equality interventions commensurate with country needs. Global resource mobilization through innovative mechanisms, including allocations of new Special Drawing Rights, currency transaction taxes, and carbon taxes, have the potential to provide the necessary financing at a much faster pace than is currently possible.     

性别收入差异及性别歧视的变化

性别歧视带来的性别收入差异一直备受关注。文章基于吉林省1990-2010年间三期妇女地位的调研数据分析了吉林省的性别工资差异问题,并运用Oaxaca-Blinder对性别收入差距进行了分解。文章对20年间吉林省的性别收入差异进行了横向和纵向的分析,实证研究得到如下结论:性别分割是我国劳动力市场上一直存在的一种现象,性别收入差距总体趋势在扩大;个体特征差异能够在一定程度上解释性别收入差异,现阶段性别收入差异在很大程度上是由于劳动者本身的人力资本水平引起的,是正常合理的范围;歧视仍然是造成性别收入差距的一个原因,女性在获得教育的机会上还是比男性要低,而且女性很难进入到高收入行业和职业,使得在教育方面女性仍然处于不利地位。但是经过20年的发展,对女性的歧视逐步减弱。     

Math,girls and socialism

This paper argues that the socialist episode in East Germany, which constituted a radical experiment in gender equality in the labor market and other instances, has left persistent tracks on gender norms. We focus on one of the most resilient and pervasive gender gaps in modern societies: mathematics. Using the German division as a natural experiment, we show that the underperformance of girls in math is sharply reduced in the regions of the former GDR, in contrast with those of the former FRG. We show that this East–West difference is due to girls’ attitudes, confidence and competitiveness in math, and not to other confounding factors, such as the difference in economic conditions or teaching styles across the former political border. We also provide illustrative evidence that the gender gap in math is smaller in European countries that used to be part of the Soviet bloc, as opposed to the rest of Europe. The lesson is twofold: (1) a large part of the pervasive gender gap in math is due to social stereotypes; (2) institutions can durably modify these stereotypes.     

"All Decisions Are Top-Down:" Engendering Public Expenditure in Vietnam

Between October 1999 and June 2000 a joint government-donor working group undertook a public expenditure review in Vietnam that was supposed to use "gender issues" as a cross-cutting theme. The article discusses ways in which a gender analysis could have been incorporated into a review of public expenditure, and examines why this did not happen in the end. Flaws in the process reduced the scope of gender analysis. Institutional constraints on the part of both the government and the World Bank weakened the commitment to a gender analysis. More fundamentally, however, it is argued that the methodological approach of the World Bank rendered it incapable of investigating possibly unquantifiable macrostructural and mesoinstitutional determinants of individual behavior. It is further argued that the conceptualization of social institutions offered by the World Bank with regard to gender relations fails to adequately express the extent to which social institutions are gendered.     

Why Women Have Lower Retirement Savings: The Australian Case

This study provides empirical evidence of the gender gap in retirement savings trajectories using a large longitudinal Australian database. The persistent trend of retirement income policy over recent decades has been to place responsibility for retirement savings accumulation with the individual employee. These plans are fundamentally linked to employment conditions and individual choices, which shape retirement savings trajectories and outcomes. Australia has a mature compulsory system and thus provides insight for countries embarking on similar paths. This study shows that the gender gap in retirement savings is observable from early on in an individual’s paid working life and persists over time, providing evidence that women are disadvantaged early in their careers, with few signs of improvement. Men, in contrast, are overrepresented in the upper quartile of growth in retirement savings. This study provides important empirical evidence for policymakers concerned with gender differences in retirement outcomes.     

"Thank God . . . I Thought for a Moment You Were Going to Confess to Converting to Socialism!": Gender and Identity in Deirdre McCLoskey's Crossing

"Thank God . . . I thought for moment you were going to confess to converting to socialism! 'critiques McCloskey's account of her transition from a heterosexual male professor of "Chicago school" economics to a female, "free-market feminist." McCloskey's account raises fascinating questions for all feminists regarding both one's definitions of gender, and the institutions and practices which reinforce gender boundaries. At the same time, McCloskey's account is found to be lacking in certain respects. For example, she pays insufficient attention to the implications of gender for rational-choice, free-market economic theories, and she insufficiently contextualizes her definitions of masculinity/femininity to a particular class and race in the late 20th century US.     

The Economic Cost of Gender Gaps in Effective Labor: Africa's Missing Growth Reserve

This study analyzes the impact of the gender gap in effective labor – defined as the combined effect of the gender gaps in labor force participation and education – on economic output per worker. The results indicate that the gender gap in effective labor has a negative effect on the economic output per worker in African countries. A 1 percent increase in the gender gap in effective labor leads to a reduction in output per worker by 0.43–0.49 percent in Africa overall, 0.29–0.50 percent in Sub-Saharan Africa, and 0.26–0.32 percent in a wider group of countries from Africa and Asia. The total annual economic losses due to gender gaps in effective labor could be as high as US$255 billion for the African region. Results confirm that Africa is missing its full growth potential because a sizeable portion of its growth reserve – women – is not fully utilized.     

The Gender Wage Gap in Offered,Observed, and Reservation Wages for Spain

The literature on the gender wage gap and wage discrimination has exclusively analyzed observed wage differences, ignoring inactive or unemployed individuals. In order to obtain a more complete overview of gender wage differences, this paper analyzed inactive or unemployed individuals in terms of offered and reservation wages in Spain in the years 1994, 2000, and 2006. The results show that the observed wages give a more positive perspective of the gender wage gap than offered ones. Furthermore, the existence of an important gender wage gap for reservation wages has been noted, which is possibly because women take charge of household and family caregiving tasks to a greater degree than men. The results show that Spanish women had higher reservation wages and lower offered wages than men, which explains their lower participation in the labor market.