开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型发展综述

开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型(简称为开放经济DSGE模型)是站在传统经济计量方法的“肩膀”上发展起来的,致力于将理论模型与实际经济进行合理拟合和对接.本文分析了开放经济动态随机一般均衡模型的特征,并从开放环境、金融加速器、劳动市场、金融摩擦和劳动摩擦这四个方面入手,对开放经济DSGE模型从构建之初到现今的发展进程进行了详细阐述.     

动态随机一般均衡理论的新进展

动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE)能够为宏观经济分析提供微观基础条件,采用一般均衡方法将理性预期纳入基础方程之中,并以不完全竞争市场价格和工资粘性为假设前提。2008年全球金融危机后,DSGE模型暴露出一些问题:对微观主体人纯理性预期假设与实际情况不符;标准模型没有考虑金融因素;在处理外部冲击因素时存在不合理性。因此,DSGE模型应做以下几方面的改进:在模型假设前提方面将异质性假设纳入DSGE模型;纳入内生性金融因素;在方法上通过构建复合型模型来提高其预测能力。     

非正规金融与正规金融:互补还是替代?——基于DSGE模型的相互作用机制研究

文章通过建立四部门动态随机一般均衡模型,分析了二元金融体系下正规金融与非正规金融部门之间的作用机制,并对模型进行数值模拟。研究发现,在居民消费偏好冲击和技术冲击两种情况下,正规金融与非正规金融部门之间主要是互补关系,表现为两部门贷款利率和贷款规模的同向变动;而在货币政策冲击下,两部门短期内呈现相互替代的关系。     

动态随机一般均衡模型应用研究综述

动态随机一般均衡模型(DSGE)作为主流宏观数量分析工具,在国外已经得到了较为广泛的应用,而国内应用该模型的研究还较少。本文回顾了运用DSGE模型进行研究的经济学文献,系统梳理了构建DSGE模型的理论基础、模型估计方法以及应用DSGE模型的研究主题等问题。     

关于金融集聚与国际金融中心建设的理论研究——基于动态随机一般均衡系统和消息冲击的视角

本文基于中国金融市场特征和上海国际金融中心建设的国家战略,构建研究金融集聚的动态随机一般均衡模型。通过对模型结构参数的校准和贝叶斯估计,政策实验分析发现:(1)降低金融从业人员所得税、投资者的金融资产所得税和金融营业税有利于金融集聚,永久性税改政策有效性最强;(2)实施鼓励金融创新为主的战略,有效促进金融集聚;(3)金融中心建设的"消息冲击"会影响预期,国际金融中心能否如期建成显著影响金融集聚的规模和速度。     

基于Dynare的RBC模型的计算与模拟

介绍真实经济周期模型(RBC),并推导该模型的解及动态随机一般均衡模型的一般结构。利用Dynare计算和模拟RBC模型的产出、消费、资本和实际利率的效应.结果表明,模拟的脉冲响应曲线能够捕捉技术冲击对这些变量的效应,且模型计算的速度和精度都达到了预期要求。     

政府支出与中国宏观经济波动——基于贝叶斯估计的DSGE模型

笔者基于1999年~2011年中国宏观季度数据,运用贝叶斯方法估计了一个包含政府部门的新凯恩斯动态随机一般均衡(DSGE)模型,分析在一定财政规则下政府支出扩张对宏观经济的影响,得出了需求冲击是导致中国宏观经济波动主要原因的结论。     

金融冲击和中国经济波动

最近的金融危机及其引发的经济危机突出了金融部门和实体经济之间存在着某种联系。而这也让学者清楚地意识到在对宏观经济建模时不能忽视源自于金融市场的摩擦和冲击。本文尝试将金融冲击引入到动态随机一般均衡模型,以此来解释金融冲击对实际经济变量和金融变量的动态影响,探讨金融冲击的重要性及其作用机制,并通过贝叶斯方法估计模型的结构参数。结果发现:金融冲击是驱动中国经济周期波动的最主要力量,它在解释产出增长、投资增长、债务增长、工资增长和就业的波动方面体现出非常重要的作用。即使存在其它多个冲击,金融冲击仍然能够解释近80%的产出增长波动。进行脉冲反应分析时发现,金融冲击会使产出、消费、投资和就业等出现大幅下降。     

宏观审慎政策效应及其与货币政策关系研究

国际金融危机的教训表明,以价格稳定为目标的货币政策并不能保证金融稳定,因而需要引入宏观审慎政策,对金融系统的稳定进行管理。鉴于货币政策与宏观审慎政策并非完全相互独立,政策制定者需要首先确定两者之间的关系,才能有效地进行经济管理。本文使用动态随机一般均衡模型分析货币政策与宏观审慎政策之间的关系,分析结果认为:第一,宏观审慎政策中的逆周期资本工具是福利增进的,该工具的使用对于稳定金融波动有积极的意义;第二,宏观审慎政策对于货币政策能够起到辅助作用,特别是在市场受到金融冲击的时候,辅助的效果最明显。因而我国在进行宏观经济管理的过程中,需要宏观审慎政策与货币政策互相配合,发挥协同效应。     

新常态下宏观审慎工具的有效性--基于DSGE模型的分析框架

本文分别选取贷款价值比率( LTV)上限与资本充足率( CAR)下限作为我国信贷类与资本类宏观审慎工具的代表,并以此建立了一个包含各类金融摩擦因素在内的动态随机一般均衡( DSGE)模型。模型紧密联系新常态下我国货币政策导向,通过宽松型利率政策冲击的数值模拟,拟合分析了LTV上限与CAR下限两类宏观审慎工具对稳定我国金融系统运行与实体经济增长的作用效果。研究结果表明,信贷类与资本类宏观审慎工具,均能够在一定程度上平抑单一利率型货币政策冲击所引发的信贷激增和银行杠杆骤升等失衡性金融波动;两类宏观审慎工具的运用能够与传统的利率政策工具形成有效的配合互补,在保证经济总产出的前提下,抑制金融顺周期效应,实现我国金融体系与宏观经济的稳定运行。     

铜陵市金融发展、城镇化及工业化动态关系研究--基于VAR模型的实证分析

通过建立VAR模型,利用Johansen协整理论、脉冲响应分析、预测方差分解分析等技术分析了1986-2013年铜陵市金融发展、城镇化及工业化之间的动态关系。实证显示：铜陵市金融发展、城镇化及工业化三个变量之间存在长期稳定的均衡关系;金融发展水平对来自城镇化水平的随机扰动具有正的效应,城镇化水平对来自工业化水平的随机扰动也具有正的效应,且这种效应均是开始不断增强,随后逐渐减弱;反之城镇化及工业化水平的提升对金融发展起的作用越来越重要,进而提出政策建议。     

金融不稳定性是外生冲击引起的吗

本文结合Minsky金融具有内生脆弱性和新古典宏观经济学外生冲击的观点,认为金融的不稳定性是金融本身的脆弱性受到外生冲击而导致的。本文建立的一般均衡模型表明和金融市场紧密联系的实际利率,有价证券收益率的随机冲击会影响到金融市场和实体经济的稳定。运用两步GMM方法对中国数据进行的实证研究也支持所建立的一般均衡模型得出的结论,其中利率和外汇的冲击会加剧中国宏观经济的波动,最后脉冲响应函数给出了冲击对于宏观波动的累计影响,脉冲响应函数和我们和用两步GMM估计的结果耦合,这更加佐证了本文估计的有效性。     

The equity price channel in a New-Keynesian DSGE model with financial frictions and banking

This paper studies the role of the equity price channel in business cycle fluctuations, and highlights the equity price channel as a different aspect to general equilibrium models with financial frictions and, as a result, emphasizes the systemic influence of financial markets on the real economy. We develop a canonical dynamic general equilibrium model with a tractable role for the equity market in banking, entrepreneur and household economic activities. The model is estimated with Bayesian techniques using U.S. data over the sample period 1982Q01–2015Q01. We show that a dynamic general equilibrium model with an equity price channel well mimics the U.S. business cycle. The model reproduces the strong procyclicality of the equity price. The equity price channel significantly exacerbates business cycle fluctuations through both financial accelerator and bank capital channels. Our results support the increasing emphasis on common equity capital in Basel III regulations. This is beneficial in terms of financial stability, but amplifies and propagates shocks to the real economy.     

How does global demand for financial services promote domestic growth in Luxembourg? A dynamic general equilibrium analysis

This paper studies the transmission of a change in the global demand for financial services on the domestic growth of an international financial center. To capture most of the possible interactions, we develop a dynamic general equilibrium model that we calibrate on Luxembourg data. Results show that the financial multiplier (ratio of a change in output to a change in the financial sector value added) is above 2 in the medium run and largely above 1 in the long run. The main transmission channels are net exports (expenditure approach) or capital income (income approach) in the medium run and investment in the long run. Moreover, the global demand for financial services has substantial implications for public finances. These findings also mean that a sudden loss of confidence towards a specific international financial center might have dramatic consequences for its whole economy.     

Monetary Policy in Low Income Countries in the Face of The Global Crisis: A Structural Analysis

We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model with a banking sector to analyse the impact of the financial crisis in developing countries and the role of the monetary policy response, with an application to Zambia. We view the crisis as a combination of three related shocks: a worsening in the terms of the trade, an increase in the country's risk premium and a decrease in the risk appetite of local banks. Model simulations broadly match the path of the economy during this period. We derive policy implications for central banks, and for dynamic stochastic general equilibrium modelling of monetary policy, in low‐income countries.     

The propagation of U.S. shocks to Canada: Understanding the role of real financial linkages

This paper examines the role of financial frictions in affecting the transmission of U.S. real and financial shocks to Canada using a dynamic stochastic general‐equilibrium model with an active banking sector and financial frictions. We find that the U.S. banking and interbank markets can be a potentially important source of variability of Canadian output and inflation—consistent with the financial crisis. The presence of both the demand and the real supply sides of credit in the model help to capture the stylized facts of both the domestic and the international business cycles.     

Costly financial intermediation and excess consumption volatility

This paper documents the cyclical properties of financial intermediation costs and uses their dynamics to explain excess consumption volatility (ECV) differences across countries in a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework with housing market. I find that financial development levels have a limited role in explaining ECVs. Instead, the volatility of financial sectors plays the determinative role. Consistent with the data, the model finds higher ECVs in emerging countries. The paper also shows that if the US had the same intermediation cost structure as Turkey, deteriorations in the production and consumption following a financial shock would increase threefold.     

Capital reallocation: A tale of two frictions*

This paper explores the role of search and financial frictions in the used capital market. A tractable dynamic general equilibrium model with both frictions is developed to account for procyclicality of reallocation and the price of used capital. Both the aggregate productivity shock and the financial shock can generate procyclical reallocation of used capital. Quantitatively, the financial shock accounts for almost all the variation of used capital reallocation. The aggregate productivity shock is more responsible for the variation of the price of used capital as well as variables outside the used capital market.     

A policy model to analyze macroprudential regulations and monetary policy

We construct a small‐open‐economy, new Keynesian dynamic stochastic general‐equilibrium model with real financial linkages to analyze the effects of financial shocks and macroprudential policies on the Canadian economy. The model incorporates rich interactions between the balance sheets of households, firms and banks, long‐term household and business debt, macroprudential policy instruments and nominal and real rigidities and is calibrated to match dynamics in Canadian macroeconomic and financial data. We study the transmission of monetary policy and financial and real shocks in the model economy and analyze the effectiveness of various policies in simultaneously achieving macroeconomic and financial stability. We find that, in terms of reducing household debt, more targeted tools such as loan‐to‐value regulations are the most effective and least costly, followed by bank capital regulations and monetary policy, respectively.