德国碳排放权交易管理架构与职能*

德国是欧盟碳交易体系中最为重要的成员国，德国对欧盟碳交易体系的实践，对我国碳交易体系的建设和管理具有借鉴意义。本文综述德国对碳交易体系的管理与执行组织架构，以及欧盟碳交易体系在德国前两个阶段的执行情况，为我国碳交易体系的建立提供参考。     

碳排放权交易的监管体系研究

碳交易市场涉及多个参与主体,需要建立完善的政策制度保证其良好运行。由于碳交易对象具有特殊性、专业性、复杂性,容易出现较高的市场风险,因此必须构建完善的监管体系。碳排放信息的监测和核定是碳交易监管体系运行的核心。规范化、标准化的MRV(可测量、可报告、可核查)体系,保证了碳交易机制的正常运转。为避免碳交易价格的剧烈波动,有必要通过排放权储备、抵消项目等手段对价格进行监管。对于不合规行为,采取行政或经济措施予以惩罚。同时,应及早采取措施防范碳泄漏。     

碳交易市场发展及其制度体系的构建

碳交易是以碳定价为基础、旨在减少碳排放的市场激励机制。《京都议定书》签署后,碳交易市场制度体系的构建成为发达国家实现碳减排的重要措施。十多年来,国际上以《京都议定书》为基础的全球碳交易市场、以欧盟EU ETS为代表的国家级碳交易市场以及中国碳交易试点城市等区域减排交易市场的发展,为我国碳交易市场制度体系的构建提供了大量可借鉴的经验。我国碳交易市场制度体系的建构,从各地区的试点,到全国碳交易市场的建构,已经历整整十年,在碳减排和区域环境目标的实现方面发挥了显著作用。在未来碳交易市场发展和制度体系建设中,应重点规避碳交易市场制度体系中配额超发分配的风险,加速完善碳排放权交易相关立法,发展多层次碳交易市场,不断创新碳金融工具。     

碳金融市场体系及其发展趋势

碳金融发展是时代的产物。《京都议定书》为碳交易市场的建立奠定了基础。全球碳交易市场可分为配额交易市场和自愿减排交易市场,在众多碳交易市场中,主要有四个专门从事碳金融的交易所,包括欧盟排放交易体系、英国排放交易体系、澳大利亚新南威尔士州温室气体减排体系和美国芝加哥气候交易所。展望碳金融交易市场的发展前景,全球碳金融交易市场有望在2016年正式形成。     

欧盟碳排污权交易机制研究——兼论我国在国际碳减排中的应对方案

在《联合国应对气候变化框架公约》基础上通过的《京都议定书》，催生了碳市场。本文旨在通过对欧盟碳交易机制进行介绍分析，总结其主要经验，进而对我国碳排污权交易机制的构建和运行提出建议。     

关于在CDM下建立我国碳交易机制的探析

CDM是《京都议定书》产生的一种双赢机制,是基于项目的配额交易,既解决了发达国家减排成本过高的问题,也有助于解决发展中国家的可持续发展问题。中国主要通过CDM参与全球碳交易市场。本文从CDM产生的背景和我国CDM项目的发展现状出发,分析了我国CDM市场存在的问题,探讨了我国碳交易市场存在的差距和前景,提出了构建我国CDM下碳交易体系的对策。     

欧盟碳交易市场政策分析及其对中国的启示

本文旨在深入研究欧洲联盟碳交易市场政策,并探讨其对中国构建碳交易市场的借鉴价值。欧盟碳交易市场作为全球最大、最成熟的碳市场之一,其政策设计、实施经验和成效备受关注。本文通过分析欧盟碳交易市场政策的核心原则、政策设计框架以及实施效果,总结了其中的成功因素和经验,为中国未来在碳交易市场建设方向和策略的制定提供参考,并为全球碳减排事业的推进提供实践经验和理论支持。     

我国航空业对被欧盟纳入其排放权交易体系的应对

欧盟把航空业纳入欧盟排放权交易体系,这给发展中的我国航空业带来了很大的压力。我国的航空业以相关国际法律为依据,航空公司、航空协会可参照美国公司的做法,或给政府提出政策建议等;我国政府应尽快制定国内碳交易的法律、法规,建立我国的强制性排放权交易体系,解决因为温室气体排放产生的国际贸易争端。     

我国碳交易发展中存在的问题分析

文章以碳交易在我国迅速发展为背景,简述了我国碳交易的发展现状,分析并指出了由于国际碳交易市场以及国内碳交易机制不健全等原因造成当前CDM发展中的凸显问题以及隐含问题,并提出了相应的对策建议,以探索适合中国的碳交易发展模式.     

日本碳交易的机制与成效

随着国际社会对气候问题重视的不断加深,二氧化碳排放权交易日益受到各国的关注,碳交易在全球迅速发展。日本碳交易的发展存在着诸多的困难与不确定性,但是,日本凭借自身的外交、节能减排技术等有利条件,不仅在积极推动国际碳交易发展中加强了国际关系,而且,通过不断完善碳交易机制,创建碳交易平台,促进国内外的碳交易制度的完善,取得了一定的环境和经济效益。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

我国发展天文旅游的条件、前景探析及策略思考

天文旅游资源从成因可以分为行星地球天文旅游资源、天体天文旅游资源和天文文化旅游资源三类。天文旅游方兴未艾,我国天文旅游具有很大发展前景。文章对我国开展天文旅游的条件进行了分析,对发展天文旅游的策略和措施进行了梳理。     

城市社会的开放与农民的城市化

城市社会在对农民的开放与封闭之中徘徊。改革开放后城市社会对农民的开放已经使很多农民城市化。城市社会对农民的封闭已由政策性封闭转向经济性封闭。城市社会对农民的封闭增加了农民城市化的成本和社会风险。必须加强城市社会对农民的开放,逐步消除对农民的封闭政策,以推进农民的城市化。     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.     

信息化时代商学院图书馆的建设与发展——中、美四大名校商学院图书馆建设的比较与启示

信息化时代中美商学院图书馆的建设与发展,成为当今时代高等商学教育发展与进步的一个重要环节,对中美四大商学院图书馆的发展状况、差距进行分析比较,对促进我国商学院图书馆事业的改革、建设和发展具有一定的启示作用和参考价值。