Bank profitability and taxation

This paper investigates how banks’ activity is affected by the corporate income tax. For this purpose it uses aggregate data on all main components of the profit and loss account and on the interest rate applied on loans and on deposits for the banking sector of the main industrialized countries during the period 1981–2003. With such information we are able to disentangle the extent to which a bank is able to shift its tax-burden forward to its borrowers, depositors, and purchasers of fee-generating services. The main result is that the taxation of banks’ profit is equivalent to a taxation on loans and as such it exerts a substantial impact on the composition of banking sector revenues. However credit intermediaries have the ability to shift a substantial part of their corporate income tax burden and therefore differences in the level of taxation cannot explain the dispersion observed in banks’ net profitability across industrialized countries.     

Bank profitability during recessions

This paper contributes to the literature on the relation between bank profitability and economic activity. When allowing for stronger co-movement of bank profit with economic activity during deep recessions, we find a much larger impact of output growth on bank profitability than commonly found in the literature. Among the different components of bank profit, loan losses are the main driver of this result. We also find long-term interest rates in previous years to be important determinants of bank profit in times of high economic growth. Our findings are robust to the use of aggregate or individual bank data.     

Bank profitability and the business cycle

An important element of the macro-prudential analysis is the study of the link between business cycle fluctuations and banking sector profitability and how this link is affected by institutional and structural characteristics. This work estimates a set of equations for net interest income, non-interest income, operating costs, provisions, and profit before taxes, for banks in the main industrialized countries and evaluates the effects on banking profitability of shocks to both macroeconomic and financial factors. Distinguishing mainly the euro area from Anglo-Saxon countries, the analysis also identifies differences in the resilience of the respective banking systems and relates them to the characteristics of their financial structure.     

Bank deregulation is better than mergers

The effects of mergers on bank costs, prices, profits, and market competition are compared with the effects from concurrent deregulation of branching restrictions. The title states our conclusion: deregulation has been better than mergers in Spain. Even so, improved post-deregulation economic conditions accounted for most of the improvement in costs and profits while deregulation had its greatest impact on improving competition. Analysis indicates that direct measures of market competition—rate spread, mark-up, and Lerner index—are more informative than the standard profit–structure relationship.     

Bank profitability,leverage constraints,and risk-taking

Traditional theory suggests that higher bank profitability (or franchise value) dissuades bank risk-taking. We highlight an opposite effect: higher profitability loosens bank borrowing constraints. This enables profitable banks to take risk on a larger scale, inducing risk-taking. This effect is more pronounced when bank leverage constraints are looser, or when new investments can be financed with senior funding (such as repos). The model’s predictions are consistent with some notable cross-sectional patterns of bank risk-taking in the run-up to the 2008 crisis.     

Bank mergers and acquisitions in emerging markets: evidence from Asia and Latin America

Following a global wave of consolidation in the banking industry, this study analyses 132 mergers and acquisitions (M&As) involving banks in emerging markets in Asia and Latin America between 1998 and 2009. An event study measures the change in shareholder value for acquirers and targets; and a multivariate regression identifies the drivers of the change in shareholder value for acquirers. On average M&As create shareholder value for target firms, while acquirer firms do not lose shareholder value. Geographical diversification creates shareholder value for acquirers. Acquirer shareholders benefit from the acquisition of underperforming targets; from transactions settled by cash rather than exchange of equity; and from government-instigated M&A transactions.     

国内商业银行渠道整合及策略研究

上世纪90年代以来,国内商业银行的渠道建设取得了显著成就,目前已初步建立起物理渠道与虚拟渠道相互补充、共同发展的渠道体系,某些渠道已经达到了国际先进水平。但是,由于历史和体制等方面的原因,商业银行渠道建设中还存在着诸多问题,尤其是渠道分割、渠道冲突以及客户信息难以共享等问题比较突出,应将其作为一个系统,运用系统的理论和方法加以整合,使所有渠道之间实现互联互动、信息共享和交叉服务,以化解多渠道间存在的各种矛盾,提高商业银行的核心能力和竞争优势。     

银行跨国并购战略与整合管理研究

我国入世保护期已经结束,银行业已全面对外开放,在跨国并购浪潮的推动下,外资银行无疑会把并购作为进入我国金融市场的途径之一.中国银行业也将通过并购的方式实施"走出去"的跨国经营战略,打造自己的海外版图.本文从国际银行业跨国并购实践和实证研究成果出发,分析了银行跨国并购战略实施的现实意义和面临的困惑,突出快速并购整合的重要性;分析了沟通、人、文化、IT系统、行政审批、发展压力等影响银行跨国并购快速整合的主要因素;提出了积极的整合启动、严谨的整合计划和严肃的计划实施、专业的整合团队、快速成功整合为导向的整合管理文化的塑造、充分的整合资源保障和智力支持等快速成功整合策略.     

Liquidity mergers

We study the interplay between corporate liquidity and asset reallocation. Our model shows that financially distressed firms are acquired by liquid firms in their industries even in the absence of operational synergies. We call these transactions “liquidity mergers,” since their purpose is to reallocate liquidity to firms that are otherwise inefficiently terminated. We show that liquidity mergers are more likely to occur when industry-level asset-specificity is high and firm-level asset-specificity is low. We analyze firms' liquidity policies as a function of real asset reallocation, examining the trade-offs between cash and credit lines. We verify the model's prediction that liquidity mergers are more likely to occur in industries in which assets are industry-specific, but transferable across firms. We also show that firms are more likely to use credit lines (relative to cash) in industries in which liquidity mergers are more frequent.     

Indexing mergers and acquisitions

We measure the efficiency of mergers and acquisitions by putting forward an index (the ‘M&A Index’) based on stochastic frontier analysis. The M&A Index is calculated for each takeover deal and is standardized between 0 and 1. An acquisition with a higher index encompasses higher efficiency. We find that takeover bids with higher M&A Indices are more likely to succeed. Moreover, the M&A Index shows a strong and positive relation with the acquirers’ post-acquisition stock performance in the short run and operating performance in the long run. After constructing three portfolios under a buy-and-hold strategy, we find that efficient portfolios with the highest indices earn higher equity returns and monthly alphas than inefficient portfolios with the lowest indices. Overall, our findings indicate that the M&A Index is positively associated with merger outcomes for acquirers.     

论IMF和World Bank在国际金融一体化中的作用

摘要：在世界金融一体化的进程中,IMF和World Bank发挥了积极的促进作用,但在金融监管的效率、援助的条件、运行机制、维护发展中国家主权利益等方面,IMF和World Bank的金融监管和服务行为又遭到了强烈的批评。IMF和World Bank有其自身的不足,要健全监管机制,加强机构的合作,完善自身能力,强化发展中国家的参与。     

Decomposing the market,industry, and firm components of profitability: implications for forecasts of profitability

Academics and practitioners frequently highlight that overall market and industry performance is an important aspect of a firm’s profitability. However, few studies allow for the decomposition of a firm’s profitability into market, industry, and idiosyncratic components, and those that do often assume that the market and industry components are cross-sectional constants. In this study, we allow for variation in firm-specific sensitivities to market, industry, and idiosyncratic economic shocks, and then assess whether and when this decomposition results in improved forecasts of profitability. For the overall sample, we find significant improvements in terms of the magnitude of forecast errors and the frequency with which forecasts based on the decomposed values are superior versus forecasts using only total profitability. Across the sample as a whole, decomposing profitability in the forecasting process results in more accurate forecasts greater than two-thirds of the time (increasing to almost 80% within certain subsamples). Our results provide strong support for the role that firm-specific measures of market and industry profitability play in predicting a firm’s future performance, as well as highlighting settings where the decomposition provides the greatest benefit in terms of predicting future changes in profitability.     

The efficiency effects of bank mergers: An overview of case studies of nine mergers

This paper summarizes nine case studies, by nine authors, on the efficiency effects of bank mergers. The mergers selected for study were ones that seemed relatively likely to yield efficiency gains. That is, they involved relatively large banks generally with substantial market overlap, and most occurred during the early 1990s when efficiency was getting a lot of attention in banking. All nine of the mergers resulted in significant cost cutting in line with premerger projections. Four of the nine mergers were clearly successful in improving cost efficiency but five were not. It is not possible to isolate specific factors from these mergers that are most likely to yield efficiency gains, but the most frequent and serious problem was unexpected difficulty in integrating data processing systems and operations.     

Accounting for mergers and reverse mergers: An instructional assignment using SEC Form 10-K and S-4 disclosures

This instructional assignment explores two real-world business combinations, focusing on contextual factors surrounding the merger as well as accounting recognition by the legal acquirer. The business combinations studied in this assignment are Exxon Mobil Corporation’s (2010) acquisition of XTO Energy Inc. and the 2010 reverse merger between RRI Energy, Inc. and Mirant Corporation. Students must utilize disclosures in Forms 10-K and S-4 to: (1) investigate the reasons behind the merger, (2) examine the criteria used for determination of the “accounting acquirer” (in the case of RRI Energy and Mirant), and finally (3) prepare the entries to combine the firms at the time of merger. Students must learn the basics of reverse-acquisition accounting from relevant authoritative pronouncements as well as study the legal environment surrounding business combinations. Targeted for Advanced Accounting courses, this instructional assignment meets calls from the accounting profession and the Accounting Education Exchange Commission (1990) for instructors to integrate real-world problems that capture complex business transactions into the course curriculum.     

对"银税一体化"工作的反刍

推进“银税一体化”(以下简称银税工作),深化税收征管改革在税务系统中已全面展开。这种全新的征管模式在运行过程中,势必会和传统的征收方式和税收体制发生矛盾和冲突。因此,迫切需要我们用一种全新的思维去面对和探讨,研究新的办法,使银税工作更加完善,从而更好地全面实现税收工作的科技加管理。     

Liquidity and firm characteristics: Evidence from mergers and acquisitions

We explore factors affecting liquidity by examining the relation between liquidity changes and changes in firm characteristics around mergers and acquisitions. We find that spreads decline as the number of analysts, number of shareholders, number of market makers, firm size, and volume increase or as volatility decreases. Increased volume and firm size, and decreased volatility, are associated with increased depth. We find no evidence diversifying and non-diversifying mergers affect liquidity differently. We note that mergers and acquisitions are associated with reductions, on average, in spreads but that the reductions are fully explained by the accompanying changes in firm characteristics.     

The profitability and investment premium: Pre-1963 evidence

I investigate the profitability and investment premium in stock returns using hand-collected data from Moody's Manuals for 1940–1963. Controlling for value, the profitability premium emerges as important in this period. In contrast, there is no reliable relation between investment and returns, regardless of whether investment is measured using growth in total assets or book equity and even after extending the data back to 1926. In spanning regressions, factors constructed from profitability and book-to-market ratios (RMW and HML, respectively) improve the mean-variance efficient tangency portfolio but the investment factor (CMA) does not.     

Interest-rate exposure and bank mergers

This study examines how interest rates and interest-rate exposures affect the level of acquisition activity, the identities of targets and acquirers, and the pricing of acquisitions in the banking industry. Using a sample of 477 large mergers from 1980 to 1994, we find that the level of acquisition activity is more positively correlated with equity indices and more negatively correlated with interest rates for banks than for non-banks. Although we find that targets and acquirers have significantly different interest-rate exposures, we find little evidence that one group is consistently better or worse positioned, ex post, for various interest-rate environments. Finally, we find some evidence that merger pricing is a function of the interest-rate environment, with acquirers paying higher prices and earning lower returns when rates are low (and when more deals are announced).