经济发达地区低丘缓坡土地资源合理开发利用——以浙江省永康市为例

当前土地资源稀缺已成为浙江省经济社会发展的制约因素之一,除了做好现有土地资源的集约利用,推动其百万亩低丘缓坡土地资源开发势在必行.以浙江省永康市为例,针对目前土地利用实际,对其低丘缓坡土地资源进行了土地利用适宜性评价及开发可行性分析,提出了低丘缓坡土地资源合理开发的措施和途径.     

低丘缓坡垦造耕地的碳损失估算——以浙江省义乌市为例

土地利用变化/土地覆盖(LUCC)是导致全球碳循环不平衡的重要原因之一。我国是一个低丘缓坡资源丰富的国家,在土地供需矛盾日益紧张的今天,低丘缓坡作为后备资源也成为了开发利用对象。然而,现实中对低丘缓坡资源的开发利用也带来了一系列生态环境的问题,同时,低丘缓坡垦造耕地还会对当地的碳循环产生影响。本文在对低丘缓坡垦造耕地造成碳损失进行理论分析的基础上,以浙江省义乌市为例进行实证研究,采用文献结果元分析法,结合义乌市的实际情况,建立适宜义乌市低丘缓坡垦造耕地的碳密度体系,通过计算发现,低丘缓坡垦造耕地是一个碳损失过程,义乌市6122.64公顷的面积上碳损失达49568.37吨,但低丘缓坡垦造耕地所带来的碳库损失可以通过人类活动得到部分弥补。     

中部五省低丘缓坡区耕地后备资源 开发利用对策分析

利用文献资料法和定性分析方法科学分析了中部低山丘陵缓坡区耕地后备资源的开发利用情况.结果表明中部低丘缓坡区存在着开发利用方式简单、开发目标单一、生态环境保护力度不够、交通条件差、工程性缺水普遍、工程后期管护乏力的问题.因此,中部低丘缓坡区耕地后备资源开发利用应统筹规划、合理选择开发利用模式,在开发中注重生态环境的保护,加强蓄引水设施和对外通道建设,发展节水型农业,改良土壤,强化工程管护工作.     

GIS支持下的湖北省赤壁市低丘缓坡建设用地生态适宜性评价

为合理开发利用低丘缓坡资源,在生态保护优先的前提下,综合运用GIS空间分析法、层次分析法和熵权法,通过构建低丘缓坡建设用地生态适宜性评价指标体系,对研究区进行生态适宜性等级评价。结果表明:生态适宜性为高度适宜、中度适宜、基本适宜、较不适宜及不适宜5种类型,其面积分别为65.92km2、127.72km2、119.60km2、54.87km2和9.21km2;同时位于新增建设用地范围内的高度适宜、中度适宜和基本适宜的低丘缓坡资源占研究区新一轮土地利用总体规划新增建设用地范围内的低丘缓坡资源总面积的86.88%。从生态学角度构建的低丘缓坡建设用地生态适宜性评价指标体系十分合理,生态适宜性评价结果具有较强的实用性,可为低丘缓坡资源合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

破解用地瓶颈出新招--看浙江如何综合开发利用低丘缓坡

作为一个“七山一水二分田”、用地计划指标已经透支的省份,如何保护耕地、优化配置土地资源,对浙江省来说,是一个极大的考验。面对土地资源的利用现状,向来精明的浙江人没有退缩,而是“人往高处走”,创造性地打起了山地的主意——向低丘缓坡要地。但对山地的适度利用,并不是要滥垦山林,重犯历史的错误,而是坚持科学的精神和审慎的态度,让规划先行,因地制宜:宜农则农、宜建则建、宜林则林。今天,我们刊发浙江省低丘缓坡综合开发利用政策调研组的文章,相信对各地不无借鉴意义。     

浙江省开化县城关工业区低丘缓坡开发的评价方法与利用策略

研究目的：探索浙江省开化县城关工业区低丘缓坡转化为城镇建设用地的思路与方法体系。研究方法：建立评价指标体系,选用综合指数评价法、GIS和土地整理工程计算法则进行测度和实证分析。研究结果：提出低丘缓坡开发与土地利用规划的方法体系,包括宏观和微观两个层面的策略。宏观层面建立用地选择评价基准模型和用地可建评价修正模型,确定低丘缓坡开发的用地评价分区;微观层面采用工程精算的方法,精确修正边界,控制时序容量,把握建设细节。研究结论：必须将用地选择评价和用地可建评价相结合,宏观策略与微观策略相结合,定性分析与定量研究相结合,才能实现基于生态安全、工程经济与社会和谐价值目标的低丘缓坡土地开发和利用。     

金华市低丘红壤资源及其开发利用

金华市位于浙江省金衢盆地东半部,属中亚热带地区。下辖一区(婺城区)、三市(兰溪市、东阳市、义乌市)、五县(金华县、武义县、永康县、磐安县、浦江县),土地总面积1638.14万亩,其中低丘红壤291.13万亩,占土地总面积17.77%。连绵分布在盆地底部的低丘红壤资源,因其独特的自然条件和利用上的多宜性,已成为浙江省发展农业的主要潜力所在。我们试图在调查研究基础上,通过综合评价低丘红壤资源,提出其开发利用的对策措施。     

综合开发低丘缓坡地 促进农村经济发展

一、近年来开发利用低丘缓坡地的概况 1983年以来,我们在农业资源调查和农业区划工作中,曾一直思考着一个问题,就是杭州今后进一步综合开发农业资源、调整产业结构、发展商品经济、建设良好生态环境的突破口和主阵地在哪里?经对全市不同区域的资源开发利用现状及其战略地位的分析,看出全市可开发利用、生产潜力最大的地区是从山脚线向上到海拔250米,坡度在25度以下的低丘缓坡地。全市共有山地1660.81万亩,占全市土地面积的65.55％。     

充分发挥低丘缓坡资源优势 积极发展经济果木商品生产

为了切实保证粮食生产,浙江省领导曾经明确指出,“七五”期间要稳定粮田面积。这就面临着一个新的问题,即经济作物今后究竟向什么区域发展?经过调查研究,我们认为分布面积广泛的低丘缓坡是发展经济作物,特别是经济果木的主要场地。应该及时地把近几年经济作物发展的重点从大田转移到低丘缓坡上来。     

云南省低丘缓坡土地综合开发利用战略分析

本文立足于云南省低丘缓坡土地综合开发战略研究,采用SWOT分析方法,在厘清云南省低丘缓坡土地综合开发的优势、劣势、机遇和威胁的基础上,通过AHP方法对SWOT分析的各项因素进行权重测算,研究表明:(1)在综合开发的不同阶段,其战略策略的侧重是有所区别的,初中期以SO策略为主导,中后期更应重视SO和WT策略,到了开发末期战略的侧重点应转向ST和WT策略;(2)云南省低丘缓坡土地建设开发涉及生态问题、城镇布局问题、土地建设成本与供地率等诸多问题,需要深入研究低丘缓坡土地综合开发的土地利用规划管理技术体系和技术规范,制定差异化的低丘缓坡土地综合开发政策,避免低丘缓坡的盲目开发与生态环境的破坏。     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

国土资源行政管理的若干应用基础理论问题（上）——自然资源属性分析

从自然属性、技术属性、经济属性三个角度分析入手 ,建立了自然资源的科学分类体系。     

实施全球资源战略 保障资源供应安全

实施全球资源战略是经济全球化趋势的客观要求,而经济全球化在为发展中国家提供发展机遇的同时,又对国家安全提出了严峻挑战.本文在阐述我国实施全球资源战略客观性、必要性的基础上,提出了我国实施全球资源战略中防范和抵御全球化负面影响、保障资源供应安全的措施建议.     

重构乡村基层社会生活的实态--一个值得深入考察的徽州古村落宅坦

古村落宅坦位于绩溪西部的崇山峻岭之中 ,胡氏宗族在生存条件极为恶劣的情况下 ,组织族人改造环境 ,使之成为人与自然和谐相处的乡村社会。千百年来 ,在特定的时空条件下 ,经过一系列的社会变迁 ,古村落已形成宗族组织、文化科举和商业的良性互动 ,从而创造了古村落的文明。三者之间宗族居于核心地位。传统中国社会的动乱也会在这里引起反响 ,但是由于宗族聚居的格局使古村落乃至徽州社会具有特殊的应变力 ,直至近代仍保持自身的稳定。宅坦村有着丰富的资料遗存 ,为我们在宅坦从事田野考察、重构古村落的实态 ,提供了必要的前提。可以预见 ,宅坦必将以其丰富的人文内涵为世人所瞩目