天水市土地利用与生态环境协调发展研究

本文通过对协调度、协调发展度进行理论辨析,分别建立了土地利用与生态环境子系统指标体系,运用基于土地利用综合评价函数和生态环境综合评价函数的协调发展度模型对天水市2005年-2007年的协调度进行了分析。研究结果为2005-2007年间天水市土地利用与生态环境的协调等级均为良好协调,但土地利用与生态环境子系统的协调发展类型属于良好协调发展类生态环境滞后型,天水市生态环境的建设与保护适度滞后于土地利用的发展;也说明基于土地利用综合评价函数、生态环境综合评价函数的协调发展度模型,能够实现土地利用与生态环境两系统间协调关系的定量评价,可信度较高,可操作性较强。     

城镇建成区土地利用协调度分析——以鹤岗市为例

土地利用协调度能够全面揭示土地利用现状的总体协调程度,为集约、协调、可持续利用土地,合理挖掘城镇土地利用潜力提供依据.文章以鹤岗市为例,采用多目标决策方法评价城镇建成区土地利用系统协调度.在土地利用协调总目标下分别构建了三个目标子系统:经济效益子系统、社会效益子系统和环境效益子系统.分析结果显示,经济效益和社会效益处于"基本协调"下限,而环境效益接近"基本协调".这表明鹤岗市建成区城镇土地利用系统基本有序,发展基本协调,但距离最优状态尚有潜力可挖,潜力度按大小排序依次为环境效益子系统、社会效益子系统、经济效益子系统.     

石油城市转型期土地协调利用评价研究——以黑龙江省大庆市为例

石油城市经济转型过程中,土地利用处于不断变化和调整过程中,深入研究城市土地利用系统偏离最优状态的程度和城市土地利用的潜力至关重要.以大庆市为例,基于土地利用协调度的内涵,从石油城市转型期经济效益、社会效益和环境效益3个子系统构建协调度评价指标体系,运用熵值法和协调度模型,分析其2000-2007年土地利用协调度和潜力度时序变化特征.结果表明:研究期内,大庆市土地利用协调度整体呈现线性递增的趋势,而经济效益、社会效益和生态效益子系统的变化却表现出不同的变化态势;土地利用系统经历了不协调、不太协调、基本协调、比较协调4个发展阶段,说明土地利用系统整体上能基本满足城乡发展对土地利用的要求,但是离最优状态还存在一定的差距,因此,只有进一步挖掘其潜力,才能促使土地利用状况利于转型期经济的增长和社会的发展,保持与环境相协调.     

长株潭城市群建设用地供需及综合效益分析

文章以长株潭城市群为研究对象,对该区域城市建设用地供需形势进行分析。通过构建用地效益综合评价指标体系,利用协调度模型对该区土地利用效益协调度进行综合定量评价。结果表明:(1)长株潭城市群土地供需日益严峻,到2020年城市建设用地短缺量最大将达13530.07hm2;(2)长株潭城市群2000-2014年用地效益协调状况总体上呈由不协调向比较协调状态转变;(3)土地投入强度不断加大,土地的经济效益、环境效益增长较快,社会效益则呈波动性缓慢增长态势。为此,需加强提高土地集约利用水平与土地利用效率,提升土地资源对经济社会发展的支撑及保障能力,促进土地利用与经济社会协调发展。     

基于耦合协调度模型的都匀市土地利用变化与经济增长协调性研究

[目的]土地利用与社会经济发展之间关系的研究对于新型城镇化建设具有重要的意义;研究分析都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展的耦合关系,探究如何合理利用土地资源,更好推动区域经济发展。[方法]以贵州省第一批新型城镇化试点城市都匀市为研究区,从土地利用和社会经济两个系统入手,采用层次分析法建立综合评价指标体系,并运用耦合协调度模型对都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展的协调度进行了测算。[结果] 2009—2016年都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展协调度呈不断上升趋势,协调度等级由轻度失调上升到初级协调状态;协调发展类型由社会经济发展滞后型变为土地利用滞后型。[结论]都匀市土地利用与社会经济发展之间,总体协调发展度水平仍旧较低,且土地利用落后于社会经济发展。结合都匀市今后发展,建议制定合理的土地利用开发利用规划,加大对建设用地挖潜的力度,同时注重耕地保护。     

农业土地利用综合效益评价及耦合协调关系研究

基于县域尺度分析土地利用综合效益及耦合协调关系可为决策农业土地最优利用模式的提供科学依据。以高集约化农业区长沙县为案例,构建效益评价指标体系,采用熵权-TOPSIS法计算土地综合效益,利用耦合协调度模型分析经济-社会-生态效益耦合协调关系。研究结果表明长沙县土地利用综合效益值从1996年的0.199增长至2016年的0.792,经济效益增长最快;土地利用系统内部耦合协调度在0.249～0.510之间波动变化,经历了低度耦合协调—勉强耦合协调—中度耦合协调的演变历程,总体土地利用效益及耦合协调度总趋势上升,但仍有很大的提高空间。建议通过调整土地利用结构、增强自然灾害抵御能力、引导农户合理施肥等措施提升社会-经济-生态效益耦合关系,实现农业可持续发展。     

城市土地利用协调度评定——以大连市为例

研究目的:运用协调度模型,定量测算城市土地利用系统偏离最优状态的程度和城市土地利用的潜力.研究方法:模型构建法、实证分析法.研究结果:大连市的土地利用系统基本有序,发展比较协调,但尚有潜力可挖;经济子系统和社会子系统的发展水平欠佳,在未来土地利用过程中应作为改善的着力点.研究结论:城市土地利用协调度及潜力度模型对城市土地利用评价具有较高可信度和可操作性.     

玉溪市土地利用效益的耦合协调度研究

以玉溪市为研究区域,构建了土地利用社会经济效益和生态环境效益耦合协调度的指标体系,利用耦合协调度模型对2004-2009年玉溪市土地利用效益进行了实证研究,结果表明,玉溪市土地利用社会经济效益与生态环境效益的耦合度由2004年轻度失调状态(0.366)发展2009年的优质协调(0.913),但在2005年其耦合协调度有所减少,2006至2008年耦合协调度稳步上升。但相对来讲,玉溪市土地利用的社会经济效益水平高于生态环境效益水平。因此,玉溪市应在发展经济的同时,提高土地利用的生态环境效益,促使玉溪市土地利用效益的稳步上升并保持优质协调度。     

土地利用社会经济效益与生态环境效益的耦合关系——以深圳市和宁波市为例

研究目的定量研究经济快速发展地区土地利用社会经济效益与生态环境效益之间的动态耦合规律,为经济快速发展地区土地可持续利用提供依据.研究方法系统科学理论与方法、实证研究.研究结果深圳市土地利用效益的耦合度演化分为3个阶段.土地利用效益在1984-1990年,处于持续、稳定、最佳协调状态.1991-1996年,处于耦合变化状态,即从最佳协调状态向不甚协调发展.1997-2005年有所下降.宁波市土地利用效益的耦合度变化近似于对数曲线.1984-1987年,耦合度从-16.17°速增加到44.71°,从低级共生到协调发展.1988-2005年处于协调发展阶段,但耦合度缓慢增长,接近90°.目前深圳市与宁波市土地利用效益均处于不甚协调发展阶段.研究结论为了促进深圳市和宁波市土地资源的可持续利用,现阶段土地资源开发要在控制建设用地规模,提高土地利用集约水平的同时,注意经济结构优化,通过科技创新,降低能耗,加大对环境的投入,发展清洁生产和循环经济.     

城市土地利用与生态环境协调度分析——以石家庄市为例

应用协调度模型,对石家庄市城市土地利用与生态环境协调发展程度进行定量测算,为提高城市土地利用综合效益提供依据.研究结果表明:2003-2007年,该市建成区土地利用与生态环境协调发展程度呈现出缓慢上升的趋势,由初级协调发展类逐步发展为良好协调发展类,且始终为环境滞后型.在此基础上,对该市土地利用规划修编提出有针对性的建议.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.