制度视域下草原退化原因分析——以甘南玛曲草原为例

玛曲草原生态地位重要,但近几年环境持续恶化。本文从制度层面分析了草场承包制度与生态环境退化之间的关系。文章从经典公地悲剧理论出发,探索了政府实施草场私有化的初衷,结合玛曲牧民发挥集体行动的案例,说明政府不当的制度供给成为玛曲草原退化的重要制度因素。同时认为牧民自己选择的联户经营模式将成为遏制草原继续退化的有效政策出路。     

我国牧区草原生态补偿机制构建研究

［目的］通过构建一套科学、合理的牧区草原生态补偿机制,解决牧区近10年来主要实施的一系列生态治理项目和措施中存在的草原生态补偿标准普遍偏低、政策缺少灵活性、监管体系不够完善、缺乏相应保障机制等问题。［方法］通过对国内有关草原生态补偿机制相关文献分类梳理,基于我国牧区草原生态环境现状,对比分析国内外实践,总结国外成功经验,定性分析补偿机制要素,对草原生态补偿机制进行全面、系统地分析论述。［结果］我国牧区草原生态补偿主体应以各级政府为主; 补偿对象应包括牧区牧民、草原生态环境保护的投资者和建设者以及牧区地方政府; 因保护草原生态环境而导致牧区和牧民的发展权受限由此产生的机会成本作为草原生态补偿标准; 补偿方式以中央财政纵向转移支付为主,以市场补偿为辅的组合模式。保障机制需完善法律法规、公众参与、监督管理、绩效评估等方面建设。［结论］我国牧区草原生态补偿机制的构建须对补偿责任主体、补偿范围、补偿标准、补偿方式及补偿保障机制等各要素要进行整体性、系统性深入分析,才能确保草原生态补偿机制能够满足牧区实际需求,提供有力保障。     

青海省草原生态补偿政策实施困境分析

近年来,草原生态治理得到国家极高的重视,并通过一系列的保障政策予以解决或推广。建立草原生态补偿机制,对于青海牧区维护天然草原的生态功能,促进牧区经济、社会、生态协调发展具有重要意义。     

奖补四年看草原——青海：孕育草原未来

我国虽是世界第二草原大国,拥有约4亿公顷天然草原,但由于气候变化、过度利用和人为破坏影响,高达90％可利用草原出现不同程度退化,草原生态呈现恶化趋势。为实现草原可持续发展,保护草原生态,保障牛羊肉等畜产品供给,促进牧民增收,从2011年开始,国家在内蒙古等8个主要草原牧区省份全面实施草原生态保护补助奖励政策,2012年又将政策实施范围扩大到黑龙江等5个省,覆盖了全国13个草原省区。这是在我国草原牧区实施的投入规模大、覆盖面广、牧民受益多的一项大政策。     

草原生态保护补助奖励机制明年起施行

<正>为保障国家生态安全,促进牧区牧业发展和牧民增收,国务院日前决定建立草原生态保护补助奖励机制,中央财政每年为此安排资金134亿元。草原生态保护补奖机制从5方面落实一是实施禁牧补助。     

基于牧民视角的草原生态保护政策实施效果评价研究——以新疆新源县为例

[目的]新疆草地生态的研究极具代表性,以层次分析法评价新疆新源县现行草原生态保护政策实施效果,能客观反映政策的实施所带来的影响。[方法]以新疆新源县为例,根据具体政策实施的内容结合草原生态保护建设的特点,构建基于牧民为视角的政策实施效果评价指标体系,运用层次分析法对建立的草原生态保护政策指标指定权值,通过对新源县牧区的牧民进行调研并梳理数据和分析,客观的综合评价该地区草原生态保护政策的实施效果。[结果]生态奖补政策实施效果评价指数为0.613 0,处于第4等级,说明该政策实施效果良好;草原改良工程实施效果为0.584 3,处于第3等级,说明政策实施效果一般;两大政策综合评价指数为0.565 5,处于第3等级,说明牧民对该地区的政策实施效果整体满意度为一般。需要当地政府完善生态保护政策的实施方法、改善和加大牧区生产条件和扶持力度、并有效解决牧民生计与草原生态保护过程中的矛盾,只有改善牧区生态和社会条件才能取得牧民对该政策的支持,促进草原生态与畜牧业良性发展。[结论]从牧民角度出发进行评价较为客观,该评价方法公正地评价了新源县草原生态保护政策的实施效果;运用层次分析法对新源县草原生态保护政策政的实施效果进行评价是可行的。     

浅析黑龙江垦区草原生态保护补助奖励专项资金使用管理

自2011年起中央财政安排专项资金在8个牧区省份及新疆生产建设兵团全面建立草原生态保护补助奖励机制,2012年,其覆盖范围进一步扩大到全部牧区半牧区,目的是促进草原生态保护和牧民增收。黑龙江垦区草原补奖资金在使用管理中,存在着政策落实不到位、工作经费使用不规范、草原补奖资金发放与核算不规范和部门之间协调不通畅的问题,就此对如何加强草原补奖资金使用管理提出发展建议。     

奖补四年看草原

<正>我国虽是世界第二草原大国,拥有约4亿公顷天然草原,但由于气候变化、过度利用和人为破坏影响,高达90%可利用草原出现不同程度退化,草原生态呈现恶化趋势。为实现草原可持续发展,保护草原生态,保障牛羊肉等畜产品供给,促进牧民增收,从2011年开始,国家在内蒙古等8个主要草原牧区省份全面实施草原生态保护补助奖励政策,2012年又将政策实施范围扩大到黑龙江等5个省,覆盖了全国13个草原省区。这是在我国草原牧区实施的投入规模大、覆盖面广、牧民受     

草原承包经营制度功能间的矛盾与草原“三权分置”的法权构造

本文旨在研究草原承包经营制度及其运行中存在的问题,并在农村土地"三权分置"理论框架下,针对牧区与草原的特殊性提出相应的解决方案。研究表明,在牧区,草原承包经营制度发挥了保护草原生态环境的生态功能、促进牧区经济发展的经济功能、维护社会公平的政治功能和保障牧民生计的社会功能。然而,以上功能之间产生了诸多矛盾,其中最为核心的就是生态功能与其它诸项功能间的矛盾。在草原承包经营制度发挥的诸项功能中,生态功能是最基本的,也应优先于其它功能。对于各项功能间的矛盾,现行的草原"三权分置"改革提供了较为有效的解决途径——将草原承包权与经营权分离,使草原承包权发挥政治功能和社会功能,使草原经营权发挥生态功能和经济功能。在生态保护视域下,草原"三权分置"改革应以优先保护生态环境、合理提高草原生产效益为目标,在法权构造上也应体现草原生态功能的优先效力。具体而言,草原集体所有权的构造应强化对草原经营行为的管理权能和监督权能;草原承包权的构造应强化承包人的身份属性和对草原经营行为的管理权能;草原经营权的构造应体现优先保护草原生态和合理提高草原经营收益。在法律逻辑上,草原承包权与草原经营权的内容和目标并不冲突,赋予两者不动产用益物权性质并不违背物权法的"一物一权"原则。     

发达国家草原生态补偿的国际经验与启示

目的 草原生态补偿对维护草原生态安全,推动草畜平衡,促进农牧民增收和牧区经济社会发展具有重要作用。研究发达国家草原生态补偿政策措施和实践经验,对促进我国草原生态补偿制度和政策的不断完善,实现草原保护与利用平衡具有重要借鉴作用。方法 文章梳理了美国、加拿大、澳大利亚及部分欧盟国家在草原生态补偿方面采取的政策、措施及实践,总结分析共性特点,借鉴有益部分提出我国草原生态补偿的建议。结果 为促进草原生态安全,同时保障农牧生产者的利益,发达国家主要从资金、技术、市场（保险、税收）等方面开展了草原生态补偿,具有长期性、完善性、弹性和差异性、协调性、多元化、联合性、严格性等特点。结论 针对我国草原生态补偿内容措施和标准较为单一（缺乏灵活性）、保障机制不健全、监管体系不够完善等问题,从发达国家经验中,得到提升法治地位、科学确定生态补偿制度、构建市场化多元化融资机制、健全监管体系和加强科技支持、鼓励多元主体参与等对我国草原生态补偿发展有益的启示。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

The Effect of the Structural Adjustment Program on the Output,Prices and Exports of Major Agricultural Export Crops in Nigeria

The primary objective of this paper is to examine changes in the level of output, prices and exports of major export crops resulting from the Structural Adjustment Program (SAP) in Nigeria. THere two main sources of data: the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) through its annual reports, Economic and Financial Review, and the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics (FOS) through its Trade Summaries. Although the SAP led to appreciable increases in output and producer prices, its effects on exports were insignificant. The implications of these for the implementation of the program are explored.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Revealing different understandings of soil held by scientists and farmers in the context of soil protection and management

This paper aims to analyse and draw together results from similar studies in England, Switzerland and France which investigated farmers’ understanding of soil and compared it with that of scientists, researchers and advisors (collectively called scientists in this analysis). A range of methods were used across the three studies and different theoretical approaches, looking at forms of knowledge, local practice of knowledge production and conceptions of reality, were employed to explain the results. Despite the different contexts, methodologies and theoretical approaches in the three studies, the results reveal similar patterns of difference in farmer and scientist understanding of soil. In the English study, farmers demonstrate a ‘know-how’ form or intuitive working knowledge of soil while advisors rely on scientifically established forms of ‘know-why’ and seek to understand and explain soil processes. Similarly in the Swiss study farmers’ and scientists’ differing perceptions are directed and shaped by their respective aims, methods and context of work. In the French study, farmers and researchers are shown to have different conceptions of soil, they attribute different meaning to the same activities, and use different words and language to describe the same features. In all three studies understanding is shown to be cultural and contextual, as such an integrative theoretical framework is proposed.     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.