Line-drying versus machine-drying: energy consumption comparison

The purpose of this study was to determine the physical energy utilized in machine-drying and the human energy utilized in line-drying with a standard test laundry load in order to demonstrate the benefits of making a trade-off between mechanized energy and human energy utilized in drying laundry. Comparatively, only a small amount of metabolic energy was utilized in line-drying. Line-drying laundry over an extended period of time, along with similar trade-offs with other household tasks to use more human energy and less mechanized energy, would save energy resources and would contribute to physical health by increasing exercise levels. All data collection occurred at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo.     

国内外苯胺的生产与消费分析

综述了近年来国内外苯胺的生产、消费状况及对2006年中国和世界主要国家在不同消费领域对苯胺的需求预测.针对目前中国苯胺的生产状况和面临的一些不利因素,提出了中国苯胺的生产和发展建议.     

The carbon-consuming home: residential markets and energy transitions

Home heating and lighting markets have played crucial and underappreciated roles in driving energy transitions. When historians have studied the adoption of fossil fuels, they have often privileged industrial actors, markets, and technologies. My analysis of the factors that stimulated the adoption of anthracite coal and petroleum during the nineteenth century reveals that homes shaped how, when, and why Americans began to use fossil fuel energy. Moreover, a brief survey of other fossil fuel transitions shows that heating and lighting markets have been critical drivers in other times and places. Reassessing the historical patterns of energy transitions offers a revised understanding of the past for historians and suggests a new set of options for policymakers seeking to encourage the use of renewable energy in the future.     

国内外丁腈橡胶生产和消费现状

本文介绍了国内外丁腈橡胶的主要生产厂家及生产能力,并阐述了国内外丁腈橡胶近年来的市场情况以及对未来的预测.     

国内外丁腈橡胶生产和消费现状

丁腈橡胶(NBR)是由丙烯腈和丁二烯经乳液聚合制得的共聚物 具有极好的耐油性、卓越的耐磨性、耐溶剂性和耐热性,广泛地用于汽车、石油开采与炼制、航空、纺织、印刷等领域.丁腈橡胶是目前消耗量最大的特种橡胶之一.综述了国内外丁腈橡胶的生产及市场情况,对国内丁腈橡胶的市场发展趋势进行了分析,并预测在世界金融危机的影响下,国内丁腈橡胶需求增长将会放缓.此外,还对国内丁腈橡胶行业的发展提出了建议.     

强化计量管理促进节能降耗

计量工作是企业管理的基础,只有依靠科学的能源计量手段和管理方法,促进节能降耗,才是提高企业竞争力的必然选择.要根据计量检测数据的分析,探索合理的改进方案,进行技术改造,就能够使能源得到最大限度的利用,为企业获取最大的经济效益.     

Predictors of consumption cutbacks in response to increased energy costs

Energy costs have increased at a more rapid rate than overall household costs in recent years. The effects of these increased costs upon families' consumption of goods and services, as measured by cutbacks in and across consumption categories and cutbacks in necessities, were studied in relation to three variables: (1) family income level; (2) perceived effect of energy cost changes upon life in the last five years (well-off); and (3) belief that energv consumption could be reduced by one-fourth in the next year. Family income level was significantly related in a negative direction to each measure of cutback in consumption. However, the well-off measure explained a greater percentage of the variation in consumption cutback measures than did income level.     

浅谈新时期能源消费需求的预测

随着我国经济社会快速发展以及我国工业化进程的加快,目前,我国的能源消费需求逐渐增大,尤其是对电力能源的消费需求将进一步加大.就目前的能源消费结构来看,新时期我国石油生产将在今后较长时期都处于居高不下的水平,并可能在今后较长时期趋于递减.受到各方面因素的影响,新时期我国的各项能源需求将在稳步中有所提升,但增速趋降.     

Measuring changes in family energy management: consumption or efficiency

The Home Heating Energy Index (HHEI), a tool for measuring energy efficiency, which integrates house size, seasonal temperature variations, and type of heating fuel, was found to be an effective measure. Using 5-year longitudinal field study data from 24 families living in a cold climate, the tool explained 77% of family energy consumption and provided a definitive benchmark for evaluating home heating energy conservation. Factors which influenced family energy consumption and/or efficiency were: (1) family energy management behaviours, including no-dollar cost behavioural changes and enhancing the energy efficiency of some mechanical system; (2) housing factors, including structural characteristics and size of house; and, (3) family contextual factors, including socio-economic status, family size and stage of family life cycle.     

Joint audits and mutual ties of audit firm networks

There has been a lively debate following the 2007 financial crisis regarding the role of joint audits. Prior research argues that joint audits may improve audit quality because of shared audit efforts. However, empirical evidence has been inconclusive. To gain insight into how Big 4 audit firm imprimaturs have become a source of legitimacy in the audit industry, this article investigates how audit networks drive the audit industry in Saudi Arabia. Based on the application of quantitative and qualitative research methods, we conclude that the Big 4 audit firms have strong mutual ties, but ties with other local and international audit firms are weak. We also find the oligopolistic nature of the Big 4 audit firms and international audit firms. Specifically, Ernst & Young, KPMG, PwC, and PKF are controlling over 68% of the audit market. Interviews with accounting professionals suggest that several benefits of joint audits exist, but certain additional costs are also implicated. Our findings are particularly relevant for regulators and local and international policymakers in rethinking and evaluating the appropriateness of either the mandatory or voluntary nature of joint audits in developing countries.     

不同所有制企业劳动者工资收入差距对社会平均消费率的影响研究

扩大国内消费需求是实现构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局的关键所在。基于2008-2017年的省际面板数据,本文利用面板回归模型估计了不同所有制企业劳动者工资收入差距对社会平均消费率的影响。实证结果表明,不同所有制企业劳动者工资收入差距对社会平均消费率具有显著抑制作用;绝对收入水平的提高加强了不同所有制企业劳动者工资收入差距对社会平均消费率的抑制作用。据此,应加强财税制度改革、国有企业改革和反垄断等措施以缩小收入分配差距,扩大国内消费需求。     

Residential energy consumption: Models of consumer behavior and their implications for rate design

This article illustrates the use of bounded rationality concepts in policy analysis. Specifically, we discuss reasons why we expect residential energy consumption to deviate from the utility-maximizing level when multiple-tier rate structures are in use. Then we construct a simple, predictive model of boundedly-rational household behavior which can be tested against a conventional utility-maximization model. Our model predicts that households will over-consume when facing increasing tier rates and under-consume when facing decreasing tier rates.We then discuss some of the policy consequences of this behavior. One consequence, given the kind of increasing tier structures that are common in the United States, is that the magnitude of the overconsumption for a household is plausibly 10 percent in the short-run and 50 percent in the long-run. Another consequence, if policy is constrained to increasing tier rates with constant total consumer subsidy, is that the most efficient of these is likely to have a lower first-tier price and quantity than would be the case without bounded rationality. Finally, we note that both the bounded-rationality model and the utility-maximizing model support the use of a two-part tariff rate structure over tiered rate structures for residential consumers.

---

Energieverbrauch privater Haushalte: Modelle des Verbraucherverhaltens und ihre Implikationen für die Tarifgestaltung

Zusammenfassung Der vorliegende Beitrag wendet das Konzept eingeschränkter Rationalität auf energiepolitische Zusammenhänge an. Es wird insbesondere erörtert, wie sich der Energieverbrauch privater Haushalte unter der Annahme eingeschränkter Rationalität von dem unterscheidet, wie er sich bei vollständiger Rationalität (Nutzenmaximierung) ergeben würde — vorausgesetzt, es gilt ein mehrfach gestaffelter Tarif. Die Autoren stellen ein einfaches Vorhersagemodell beschränkt rationalen Haushaltsverhaltens vor, das gegen ein konventionelles Nutzen-Maximierungsmodell getestet werden kann. Nach diesem Modell werden Haushalte bei progressiv gestaffelten Tarifen zu Überkonsum und bei degressiv gestaffelten Tarifen zu Unterkonsum tendieren.Anschließend werden einige politische Konsequenzen dieses Verhaltens diskutiert. Bei der Form progressiv gestaffelter Tarife, die in den USA üblich ist, ist eine Konsequenz, daß die Größenordnung des Mehrverbrauchs eines Haushaltes bei kurzfristiger Betrachtung bei 10%, bei längerfristiger Betrachtung bei 50% liegt. Wenn sich die Tarifpolitik auf progressiv gestaffelte Stufentarife mit konstanter Gesamtversorgung beschränkt, ist eine andere Konsequenz, daß die wirkungsvollste Tarifgestaltung bei beschränkter Rationalität einen niedrigeren Eingangstarif und eine niedrige Eingangsmenge fordert. Schließlich wird ausgeführt, daß sowohl das Modell eingeschränkter Rationalität wie auch das Nutzen-Maximierungs-Modell für einen zweistufigen Tarif anstelle eines mehrfach gestaffelten Tarifs spricht.

---

---

Lee S. Friedman is Professor of Public Policy in the Graduate School of Public Policy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. Karl Hausker is a staff Economist at the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, Dirksen Senate Office Building, Room 358, Washington, D.C. 20510, USA.The authors are grateful to the University of California Energy Research Group for its support of this research. They would like to thank Suzanne Scotchmer, the Editors, and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments.     

绿色涂料助力节能减排——访中远佐敦船舶涂料有限公司总裁董兆鸣

作为为船东和造船企业提供高品质船舶涂料解决方案和相关服务的供应商．中远佐敦船舶涂料有限公司在近几年来航运市场的风云变换中．仍然保持了业务的较快速度增长。统计数据显示．2010年．中远佐敦实现销售额20多亿元．比上一年增长约11％。     

绿色消费：未来消费的必然选择

随着人们生活水平的提高,人们环境意识的增强和国际环保浪潮的高涨,以购买使用“环境标志”产品为特征的“绿色消费”越来越成为世界总体消费的大趋势,无论是家用电器,还是食品及日用口 ,只要使用了绿色环保标志,不仅意味着产品的质量有保障,而且还能给人们带来健康和安全,上方是太阳,下方是叶片,中心为蓓蕾,组成一个正圆形,这就是绿色产品的标志,实施环境标志,意味着对一种产品进行“从摇篮到坟墓”的全过程环保控制,从而使产品从原料生产到回收利用全过程对环境影响最小,有专家预言,未来的消费必将是完全绿色的消费。     

绿色消费应当作全新的消费方式来把握

目前每每谈论绿色消费，人们想到的就是绿色产品的生产、技术、标准、认证、营销与消费、其实，这样理解绿色消费很不全面，生产、技术、标准、认证与营销属于生产、流通的范略，绿色消费固然不能缺少绿色生产与绿色流通的条件，却并不以它们为内容构成，否则，就会造成理论混乱，影响我们从绿色消费本身去研究绿色消费的发展问题，消费绿勾通产品当然属于绿色消费，但如果说它就是绿色消费，那我们的祖先早已有绿色消费，偏远落后地区的人们正在进行绿色消费，如此绿色消费，还有什么内涵与价值呢？笔者以为，所谓绿色消费，是我们对于自身长期以来无视生态环境而片面追求高额消费行为的深刻反思，并在此基础上提出的坚持在人与自然和谐统一中实现需要全面，持续与最大化满足的全新的消费方式，这样认识问题，我们对绿色消费的理论研究才能系统，深入，也才能引导消费在新世纪真正走向文明、健康与科学。     

Understanding consumption in social virtual worlds: A sensemaking perspective on the consumption of virtual goods

Virtual consumption involves consuming virtual goods in cyberspace. Virtual consumption activities are evolving into an essential activity in social virtual worlds. Despite the growing importance of this activity, little research examines this phenomenon. The current study investigates the fundamental question of how users understand the consumption of virtual goods. Using the theory of social representations and core-periphery analysis, this study elicits and analyzes the social representation of virtual consumption. Study participants are 154 Second Life users. Results identify 32 concepts and relationships representing the collective perceptions of virtual consumption in this social virtual world. Social representation map interpretations point to several key themes that provide a foundation for future investigations of virtual economy consumption behavior.     

Negative influences of working life on sustainable consumption

Working life can have negative influences on sustainable consumption. In order to promote environmentally and socially friendly consumption patterns and a sustainable society, these negative influences need to be identified and prevented. Research on sustainable consumption has considered different positive and negative influences of working life on sustainable consumption. However, with regard to work‐life‐research and its gained insights into the work‐life relationship, it can be assumed that significant work interferences that restrain sustainable consumption have been ignored so far. Therefore, this article proposes an integrated approach. An overview on sustainable consumption research and work‐life‐research regarding their insights into work interferences is first presented. On this basis, the article then integrates both research perspectives and shows that additional work interferences need to be considered in order to prevent restraints of sustainable consumption.     

乙二醇的国内外市场分析

评述了世界乙二醇产能过剩态势,经济衰退对需求带来的影响,并对中国乙二醇市场作出分析,包括持续增长的消费量、高的进口依存度、扩能趋势,并提出了发展建议。