湘南农业结构调整与优化的政策建设探讨

农业结构调整与优化是我国21世纪农业发展战略的必然选择,但须有强力政策支持体系。因此,必须对农业结构调整与优化政策进行准确定位,并建立与之相适应的政策目标和措施体系。作为具有相对区域优势和特殊地位的湘南农业,还应该有自己的区域政策。     

Presidential Address: Innovation in retrospect and prospect

Abstract This paper asks whether innovation has slowed in recent decades. While there has been dramatic progress in information and communications technology, the recent record of innovation in the crucially important agriculture, energy, transportation, and health care sectors is cause for concern. The paper also considers whether the pace of innovation is sufficient to improve or even maintain living standards in the face of still rapidly growing population, global warming, and other challenges. I review the major market failures that lead to under‐provision of innovation and question whether current innovation policy, particularly patent policy, is effective in promoting innovation.     

河北省财政农业支持及其效率机制研究

我国加入WTO后,财政对农业的支持政策应当逐步按照WTO农业条款的要求进行调整。本文着重分析新时期我省在WTO框架下的农业财政支出政策,建议将农业财政支出划分为农业公共性支出、农业调控性支出和农业保护性支出三个部分,不同的部分采用不同的决策方式和支付政策,以提高农业财政资金的使用效率。     

关于我国农业综合开发的几个问题

农业综合开发,是符合我国国情的一条振兴农业之路,是发展现代化大农业的战略选择。几年来,我国农业综合开发取得了很大成绩,但也有不少地方由于指导思想、开发方式、产业政策、开发动力等问题,影响了农业开发的顺利进行。本文拟从理论和实践的结合上对上述问题及相关策略进行探讨。     

The economic valuation of farm animal genetic resources: a survey of available methods

Genetic erosion of domestic animal diversity has placed 30% of the world's breeds at risk of extinction, often as a result of government policy/programmes. Conservation and sustainable development of animal genetic resources (AnGR) require a broad focus that includes the many ‘adaptive’ breeds that survive well in the low external input agriculture typical of developing countries. Environmental economic valuation methodologies have an important role to play in supporting decisions regarding which breeds should be conserved and how this should be done. However, AnGR, in general, and valuation methods in particular, have received very little attention. This paper provides a survey of the methods available for the valuation of AnGR and the steps that must be taken in order to test some of the more promising methodologies in practice.     

中国古代农业赋税减免政策初探

中国古代赋税政策发生了八次重大的改革,其中不乏有减免农业赋税的政策,这些政策有长期减免赋税以劝农和临时减免赋税以救荒为主,表现出赋税减免政策的周期性、单一性、偏重性和阶级性。这些政策的出台,与中国古代一直奉行的＂重农思想＂、历史条件下的土地制度和政治人士的推动作用是分不开的,它们在一定程度上缓和了阶级矛盾,促进了社会的发展。     

建国以来我国农业科技政策分析

建国60年来,我国农业的发展得益于农业科技政策的制定及推行。我国农业科技政策经历了曲折发展时期、恢复调整时期、改革创新时期。分析了我国农业科技政策的主要特点,并对未来农业科技政策进行了初步设计。     

城乡统筹、农业现代化与农业的内生增长

在统筹城乡发展背景下,农业现代化是农业发展的必由之路。我国农业发展的制约因素决定了中国特色农业现代化的内在要求,即农业比较利益的提升和农业技术的进步。基于内生增长理论的启示意义,我国农业现代化必须通过推进农业内生增长得以实现,并依靠相应的政策措施得到保障。     

Transnational Land Deals and Gender Equality: Utilitarian and Human Rights Approaches

Transnational land deals pose vexing normative (ethical) questions, not least concerning gendered participation and outcomes. This article explores utilitarian and human rights approaches to gender equality in selected policy initiatives on the land deals. While global policy literature manifests growing attention to women in agriculture, the review found the analysis of gender in early policy initiatives to be absent or weak. Utilitarian arguments were used to justify deals but rarely presented women's participation as a means of social progress or so-called smart economics. Human rights documents were more likely to be critical of the deals and to mention gender, though with little elaboration. While to some extent amended by the emphasis on gender equality in the 2012 Voluntary Guidelines on tenure governance, failures to mobilize the feminist potential in utilitarian and human rights approaches call for more proactive gender analysis and advocacy when addressing transnational land deals as gendered power struggles.     

论新兴科技在农业保险中的应用策略

农业保险有着十分明显的社会效益,发展农业保险的重要性已得到了各界的认同.然而,现阶段的农业保险面临着诸多压力,在农业保险中加大新兴科技的投入以及给予相关的政策扶持是缓解农业保险所面临的根本性问题的关键.在评价科技应用在农业保险中的经济学意义的同时,分析了新兴科技在农业保险中的应用领域,并进一步提出农业保险中科技的应用策略.     

Endogenous uncertainty and the non-neutrality of money

Summary. We study some implications of the Theory of Rational Beliefs to monetary policy. We show that monetary policy in a Rational Beliefs environment can have an important effect on the characteristics of economic fluctuations. In Rational Beliefs Equilibria money is generically non-neutral unlike Rational Expectations Equilibria in which money is neutral and monetary policy is ineffective. Under Rational Beliefs Equilibria nominal prices and real output change not only in response to changes in the exogenous growth rate of money but also in response to changes in the state of beliefs. In Rational Beliefs Equilibria monetary shocks have real effects even when they are observed but are not fully anticipated. Furthermore, the non-neutrality of money results in a short run Phillips curve. When money “flutters, real output sputters” [8]. We show that Endogenous Uncertainty and the distribution of market beliefs are the major explanatory variables of such fluctuations. Under Rational Expectations monetary policy is ineffective because agents neutralize it by predicting correctly the effect of the policy. Under Rational Beliefs it is shown instead that inflation and recessions can be substantially aggravated by the distribution of market beliefs. Received: January 14, 2002; revised version: April 5, 2002 RID="*" ID="*" I would like to thank Mordecai Kurz for his constant help and support. Most of the ideas developed hereby have been inspired by innumerable and fruitful discussions with him. I have also greatly benefited from helpful comments by Stanley Black, Luigi Campiglio, Carsten Nielsen and Ho-Mou Wu. I also received valuable remarks from participants at the V meeting of “The Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory” held in Ischia, Italy, on July 2-8, 2001, where an initial draft of the present work was presented.     

绿色农业产业化发展与财政金融支持

绿色农业在我国处于起步阶段,促进我国绿色农业快速发展的一条有效途径就是实行产业化经营。本文从我国绿色农业发展的现状入手,阐述了财政金融支持配合与绿色农业发展的相互关系,指出财政金融的支持与配合是绿色农业产业化发展的关键因素,并提出了绿色农业产业化发展中的财政金融支持与配合的模式及其政策运用。     

农产品贸易保护的国际政治经济学分析

世贸组织多哈回合的坎昆会议上农产品贸易谈判的失败,集中体现出对外贸易政策的本质是其本国国内政治经济的反映。农产品的特点和作用以及农业的特殊地位决定了发达国家在农产品贸易中的高保护政策。对农产品贸易保护的国际政治经济学视角的分析能够使我们更好地了解发达国家在贸易谈判中的观点和立场。     

金融支持低碳农业发展问题研究

低碳农业是实现农业可持续发展、保证农民高产增收的重要途径,金融机构的支持在低碳农业的发展中还存在相关政策不完善、成本大、创新能力较低等问题,对此应为金融支持低碳农业发展提供宽松的政策环境,完善政策激励和补偿机制,降低低碳成本等,提高低碳农业的发展速度。     

Ecosystem services, agriculture, and rural poverty in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon: Interrelationships and policy prescriptions

Policymakers seeking to modify financial incentives to increase the flows of ecosystem services in and around tropical moist forests must consider where to focus their attention and what collection of incentives can effectively achieve policy objectives. In most cases, policymakers focus on extensively forested areas where the flows of ecosystem services between agriculture and the environment is generally characterized by massive flows of carbon and soil nutrients from forests to agriculture. In these forest margin areas the stock of primary forest is eventually exhausted and the cheap ingredients provided by nature to agriculture become increasingly scarce. At this point, policy interest generally wanes, and agriculture and the environment begin slow declines in ecosystem service exchange, often with negative consequences for rural poverty. How does one promote increased flows of ecosystem services from agricultural lands without increasing poverty when forests and soils have been depleted? Can the standard instruments, e.g., payments for ecosystem services, be effective in such situations, and if so, do the costs to society of securing these services increase? Here we focus on the flows of ecosystem services at the end of the cycle of converting primary forest to agriculture. Primary data from the Bragantina area in the southeastern Brazilian Amazon, an area cleared of primary forest decades ago, are used to characterize smallholder production systems, to describe the flows of ecosystem services into and from these systems, and to develop a bioeconomic model of smallholder agriculture capable of predicting the effects of several types of policy action on ecosystem services provided by and to agriculture, and on-farm household incomes and food self-reliance. Of particular interest is the Proambiente Pilot Program in Brazil, which uses smallholder payment schemes to induce farmers to manage land and forest resources in ways that generate more ecosystem services. Baseline results suggest that smallholder agriculture leads to a gradual loss of ecosystem services (mainly above-ground and root carbon) provided by secondary forest fallows, and that reduction in fallow age leads to reductions in plant diversity. Intensifying agricultural activities accelerates this process, but considerably increases smallholder incomes. Paying farmers for ecosystem services linked to the retention of secondary forests and the Proambiente program both increase area in forest fallow, but the latter substantially reduces farm income because of input use restrictions. In general, programs aiming to promote the production of ecosystem services should not limit farmers' choices of ways to provide them. Employment and food self-reliance issues associated with policy options for increasing on-farm stocks of carbon and plant biodiversity are also explored.     

The Impact of Sector-Specific and Economy-Wide Policy Reforms on the Agricultural Sector in Brazil: 1980–98

This article analyzes the impact of policy reforms and changing macroeconomic conditions on the Brazilian agricultural sector. It stresses four issues: events outside of agriculture were central to the performance of the sector and to the timing and sequence of policy reform; reform involved far more than trade liberalization; the impact of reform on input markets and productivity was key for understanding the period; and policy reform had a highly differentiated impact on the sector. As a result of the reforms, agriculture became the most dynamic sector of the Brazilian economy in the 1990s. Policies still in need of reform are identified. (JEL O13 , Q18 )     

论农业经营体制机制创新——基于实现农民土地权益的视角

实现农民土地权益是农业经营体制机制创新的落脚点。现有农业经营体制机制在实现农民土地权益方面已取得了较好的绩效,但在新形势下又显不足。要通过创新农业经营体制机制,在更高水准上实现农民土地权益。增强家庭承包经营制的稳定性、公平性、效率性,稳妥推进土地流转机制创新,建立健全有利于以工促农、以城带乡的农业经营的长效机制。     

浅析我国农业融资的问题及对策

农业是国民经济发展、社会安定的基础，是在我国全面建设小康社会的关键环节和难点之一。特别是随着我国加入世界贸易组织、国内改革和经济发展出现的新态势，使“加快农业发展、夯实国家经济发展基础”这一带有明显根本性和长远性并关系国家经济安全的重大问题，再次紧迫地摆在了各级政府和有关部门的面前。目前我国农业融资难和农业发展资金需求满足率低的现象在全国各地普遍存在，并已成为影响农业和农村经济发展的明显制约因素。论文在分析我国农村金融市场存在两种性质不同融资渠道的基础上，提出了拓宽农业融资渠道的政策性建议。     

The contribution of institutions, trade, and geography to the development process: How robust is the empirical evidence to variations in the sample?

This paper uses an influence spectrum to identify influential subsets in a stylized cross-country data set and finds that institutions, geography, and trade (policy), all appear to play a significant role in the development process for a relatively large sub-sample of countries. For example, equatorial distance, a proxy for geography, becomes positive and significant (originally negative and insignificant) after removing only eight countries or observations from the original sample of sixty-three, while controlling for institutions and trade. In fact, for this set of fifty-five countries all three variables have the correct sign and are statistically significant. As another example, the trade variable becomes positive and significant (originally insignificant) after removing only two countries from the original sample.First version received: May 2003/Final version received: February 2004