TRADE AND WELFARE EFFECTS OF EC ACCESSION ON THE UK AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY INDUSTRIES

The aim of this paper is to assess the effects of accession to the EC on the UK agricultural input industries using a technique commonly applied to examining the effects of accession on the manufacturing sector, the main emphasis being on trade patterns. Some attempt is made to differentiate between the effects of market-widening and of the CAP, and an assessment of the welfare implications is given. The results indicate that the effect of market-widening on the input industries was more important than the effect of the CAP and that the net loss of trade diversion was slightly outweighed by the benefits of export expansion     

INFORMATION IN AGRICULTURAL PEST CONTROL

This paper develops a decision aid for agricultural producers regarding their pest scouting and spraying activities. The basic issue is how estimates of pest populations are computed and when the operator should act using that information. Scouting for pests, essentially a search operation, can lead to a change in the strategy for applying pesticide. An adaptive-scouting process is developed to unify the spraying and scouting activities. Some results, for the cotton-lygus bug system, are presented.     

基于农业供给侧结构性改革的农业面源污染防治法律研究

[目的]我国农业面源污染形势日趋严峻,严重影响产地环境和农产品供给与质量安全,进而影响农业供给侧结构性改革的顺利进行,必须加快推进农业面源污染防治,而健全的法律体系是农业面源污染防治顺利进行的基本保障。为适应农业供给侧结构性改革的要求,满足市场对安全、优质农产品的需求,健全完善我国农业面源污染防治法律体系。[方法]在系统梳理分析我国农业面源污染防治已有法律法规的基础上,深入剖析了当前农业面源污染防治法律体系存在的问题。[结果]法律体系建设滞后、立法质量不高、部分法律法规缺乏可操作性、法律配套体系不完善等。[结论]针对问题,从健全法律体系、推进地方完善规章制度、明确部门职责、强化立法宣传、完善配套体系等方面提出了政策建议。     

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH EXPENDITURES AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY CHANGE

This note comments on the econometric analysis of the dynamic relationship between agricultural research expenditures and agricultural productivity change. The validity of the Almon restrictions, particularly endpoint restrictions, commonly imposed on the distributed lag is questioned. It is suggested that models incorporating such restrictions may lead to biased estimates of the effects of research spending. More fundamentally, doubts are raised as to whether any meaningful relationship between research spending and productivity change can be established from the available data.     

农业产业化与农业一体化比较

比较表明农业产业化与农业一体化的内涵、组织形式及作用,既有相同或相似之处,又有显著的差别.经济发达国家农业一体化发展经验对我国农业产业化实践具有一定的借鉴意义.     

AN ADAPTIVE CONTROL APPROACH TO AGRICULTURAL POLICY*

It is postulated that some issues of economic policy in general, and of Australian agricultural policy in particular, may be analysed in the framework of an adaptive control model. Policy making is characterized as a rational, sequential decision-making process under conditions of imperfect knowledge in which forthcoming information may be used to learn about the uncertain terms as decision periods pass. Emphasis is given to the linear-quadratic control problem. The paper provides a review of the formulation of a policy problem in the framework of an adaptive control model and of derived policy strategies. An illustrative example is reported.     

农业面源污染研究方法与控制技术研究进展

[目的]农业面源污染已成为全球亟待解决的环境问题。针对目前研究争论和探讨的热点,文章对国内外农业面源污染的研究方法及进展、评价体系及控制技术进行了分析和提炼,以期为我国绿色农业发展中的面源污染防控提供依据。[方法]文章通过查询知网和Web of Science,对国内外农业面源污染研究方法和防控技术进行了分析总结。[结果]耕地、果园面积大幅度增长,农村地区畜禽养殖业的迅速发展和城镇生活排污是造成农业面源污染的主要因素。目前国内外的研究热点主要集中在模型模拟技术的适用与拓展、最佳管理模式和应用GIS技术进行面源污染评价。随着面源污染研究的不断发展,植物篱、地埂和生态沟渠等污染控制技术常用于农田面源污染防控;景观绿地建设、旋流分离器和生态湿地系统等则更广泛地应用于大规模治理。新型控制技术的提出使农业面源污染防控技术更加现代化、高效化。[结论]未来研究中可结合"4R"防控理论,基于长期定点监测的数据建立模型、利用GIS技术进行流域面源污染模拟以了解区域内的面源污染情况,识别当地面源污染源头区域,提供因地制宜的面源污染治理方案。     

农业的多功能性与农业功能分区

介绍了农业多功能性问题,将我国农业的主要功能分为农产品供给、就业和社会保障、文化以及生态4类,探讨了其各功能及障碍因素的内涵与地域类型划分,初步提出我国农业功能分区的方法和参考指标。     

MARKETING AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Marketing has a vital role in the drive to increase agricultural productivity; one of the keystones in the economic development of Africa. J. C. Abbott(¹)* has demonstrated the importance of an efective marketing system while T. W. Schultz(²) has pointed out that effective marketing is secured by allowing the price mechanism full play. Of peak relevance is his concept of efficiency prices; prices which reflect the real demand/supply relationships and so stop distortion in resource allocation.     

农业区划工作和农业资源管理

分析了农业资源管理职能的变化,阐述了农业资源管理的内涵和管理职能的分解与分级,对某些农业资源和环境管理提出了看法.     

农业地球化学综合调查与农业可持续发展

地质科学向农业渗透,是地质与农业共同发展的结合点.文章分析了开展农业地球化学综合调查的意义和农业地球化学综合调查工作的现状.就如何开展农业地球化学综合调查,文章作者提出了自己的看法和建议.     

我国农用地膜污染防治生产者责任延伸制的实践与展望

[目的]在农村人居环境整治和乡村生态振兴背景下,农用地膜污染治理已成为关注重点之一。系统研究如何将生产者责任延伸制引入农用地膜污染治理过程,实现“谁污染,谁付费”的农用地膜产品生命周期闭环,可为全国农用地膜污染高效治理提供可借鉴的方式和经验。[方法]文章在系统梳理农用地膜治理政策基础上,结合案例分析系统研究了农用地膜回收生产者责任延伸制建立、运行、发展的途径和规律,提出地膜污染治理过程中生产者责任延伸制市场化模式的影响机制。[结果]市场化模式制度嵌入的失效,是农用地膜残留污染治理问题的主要症结,生产者责任延伸制重新建立了地膜残留污染治理责任的分摊机制,是更为可靠的市场化模式,但其构建也陷入“市场化模式实现条件的苛刻性”和“企业垄断的必然性与市场配给的竞争性之间的矛盾”双重困境;此外,从具体原因来看,制度嵌入影响机制还包括政府投入机制建立、企业责任落实与利益诉求的平衡,以及农户价值诉求识别偏差等方面。[结论]因此,政府应在推动和维护机制建立运行过程中,完善制度保障,考虑企业利益导向,帮助农户识别价值诉求,推进生产者责任延伸制跳出困境,有效融入农用地膜市场场域,引导构建市场化模式。     

农业科技资源与农业经济发展的关系研究——以东部地区为例

农业科技资源是实现农业经济发展方式转变和农业经济可持续发展的重要因素,发展现代农业也迫切需要将农业科技资源与农业经济的发展有机结合起来。文章以研究农业科技资源与农业经济的关系为出发点,首先分析经济视角下农业的发展模式,了解到农业是温室气体的排放源之一,因此采用低耗能、低排放和零污染的发展模式对农业经济发展进行改造,实现农业的生产离不开科技资源,引用高科技技术、设备对促进农业经济发展至关重要。其次利用灰色关联度分析法对农业科技与农业经济之间的关联关系进行评价研究,从农业科技授予专利数量、农业新品种的数量以及农业科技论文数量等角度阐述科技对于农业经济发展的重要性及影响力,指出其为促进农业经济增长的先决条件,为实现农业化发展、改善农业发展结构提供科技保障。     

德国的农业资源管理和农业环境保护

介绍了德国在保护环境和资源管理方面的经验：提出各阶段农业发展的现实目标,在农业综合管理中相互结合,制定一系列有关政策和法规。     

农业资源的开发、价值补偿与农业持续发展

阐述了目前我国农业自然资源利用存在的问题,提出了对资源要实行价值补偿,要依靠科技,走深度开发的道路.     

DISGUISED UNEMPLOYMENT AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of disguised unemployment in less developed countries, which tends to lend support for agricultural development policies as the most effective means of eliminating such unemployment. In addition, it is shown that urban unemployment may also be remedied through such policies. The overall conclusion of the theoretical analysis is that agricultural policies in the less developed countries manifesting disguised and urban unemployment should, as a first target, aim at maintaining farming activities throughout the calendar year at levels achieved during peak seasons.
CHOMAGE DEGUISE ET DEVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE – Ce mémoire présente une analyse théorique du chômage déguisé dans les pays sous-développes. ľanalyse tend à favoriser une politique de développement agricole comme moyen ďéliminer un tel chômage. En outre, il est démontré que ľon peut améliorer le chômage urbain par une telle politique. La conclusion principale c'est que la politique des jeunes nations (affligées de chômage et déguisé et urbain,) doit se concentrer premiérement à soutenir pendant toute ľannée le niveau ďemploi des périodes de la plus grande production.     

FOOD RETAILING AND AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT

The paper considers the effects of the development of supermarket chains on agriculture in the United Kingdom over the past twenty years. For analysis the effects are divided between those of the introduction of the self-service one-stop outlet and the increased concentration of control of grocery retailing. Consequences are discussed under the main heads of marketing costs, final consumer demand and bargaining power. Particular attention is given to the influences of greater advertising by retailers and the distribution of fruit and vegetables through supermarkets.     

农业碳排放与农业产出关系分析

农业既是温室气体的来源,同时又受到气候变化的巨大影响.按照目前学术界碳排放的计算方法,通过化肥施用量、农药施用量等4个主要投入要素计算得到我国农业碳排放量.对农业碳排放与农业总产值的对数值进行分析,发现二者之间存在协整关系.进行协整回归分析可以看出,农业碳排放量与农业总产值之间有着密切的正相关关系,其中农业产出每增长1％,导致农业碳排放增长0.69％.据此提出了引进土地利用新模式、实施保护性耕作、推广施肥新技术、发展农作物固碳技术等对策建议.