PROBLEMS IN PROJECT-LEVEL MONITORING AND EVALUATION: EVIDENCE FROM ONE MAJOR AGENCY

Project-level monitoring and evaluation (M & E) systems have been in place since the 1960s but their effectiveness has often been questioned. This paper reviews the experience of M & E systems in a large number of projects world-wide which have been supported by one international funding agency over the last ten years. The review identifies a series of problem areas involving the establishment of M & E units, resources, vague specification, over-ambitious designs, baseline surveys, staffing, organisational location, M & E as separate activities, beneficiary contact monitoring, project follow-up/supervision, and the use o M & E information. What emerges from the review is the extent to which the problems have been recognised by the agency and remedial measures taken, particularly in the areas of methodology, organisational arrangements and training. Problems still exist, but there is evidence that many M & E systems do provide a valuable — and valued — service to project management.     

林业工程效益监测方法及国内外应用进展

界定了工程效益监测的基本概念,阐述了工程效益监测的一般方法;介绍了工程影响评价的前沿;比较了国内外工程效益监测的方法。指出我国林业工程效益监测,已成为当前我国林业工程政策的重要评价手段,且监测水平和效率不断提高。同时提出,林业工程效益监测目前仍存在以监测技术为主的局限,且严格意义上的影响评价开展得不多。认为影响评价方法在林业工程效益监测及林业政策评价方面应用前景广阔。     

基于系统动力学的重大水利工程项目社会经济生态交织影响研究

重大水利工程作为复杂开放的巨系统,其建设和运行会对社会经济生态产生交织影响。由重大水利工程项目子系统和社会经济生态复合子系统构成的重大水利工程项目对社会经济生态交织影响的系统具有开放复杂性、远离平衡态和非线性等特性。在构建评价指标体系的基础上,建立了基于系统动力学的重大水利工程项目对社会经济生态交织影响的评价模型,以尼尔基水利枢纽工程为例进行实证研究。研究结果表明,尼尔基水利枢纽工程对黑龙江省社会经济生态交织影响总体上来说是有利的,而且运营期的可持续发展水平明显高于建设期,通过提高工业用水重复利用率和加大环境污染治理投资占GDP比重可以促进可持续发展水平的增长。提出了完善移民管理体制、提高水资源利用效率、加大环境治污力度以及生态环境和水土保持监测力度等措施,以推动重大水利工程项目可持续发展水平的提高。     

关于基本建设工程财务审计的有效控制探讨

财务审计作为一种实现成本控制的新方法在基本建设工程中日益得到人们的重视,在很多的建设工程项目中广泛应用,在基本建设中对监督项目投资、项目管理以及项目控制有着重要的影响,对基本建设项目投资效益的提高有着重要的现实意义,强化基本建设项目工作势在必行。文章概述了基本建设中的审计内容,分析了基本建设工程中存在的问题,针对基本建设工程财务审计的有效控制提出实施建议。     

Rural Policy Reform and Local Development Programmes: Appropriate Evaluation Procedures

As a result of various political and economic pressures, European policies that affect rural regions have evolved to become more local and participatory, reflecting diverse and rapidly changing circumstances. The experimental LEADER programme has attempted to instigate innovative responses to characteristic rural problems by focusing on very small districts and providing funding directly to local people and their representatives, and this has raised problems in assessing their impact and success in conventional terms. Few accurate statistics are available at such a disaggregated level, and the greater impact of external influences obscures quantitative relationships that could be investigated using conventional cost-benefit analysis. Several illustrative individual LEADER group evaluation studies are used to construct an account of the difficulties involved in use of project outcomes, targets and indicators to describe the qualitative changes resulting from local, integrated projects. The major approaches, of semi-structured in-depth interviews, participant observation and documentary analysis are considered and used to place evaluation in the theoretical context of Habermas's concept of communicative competence. It is concluded that evaluation should be integral to local rural development projects, and that whilst a range of investigative approaches have been used, in contrast there is scope for extension of the range of analytic approaches.     

水利工程管理单位组织文化评价指标体系构建

水利工程管理单位组织文化对水利工程管理单位的运营管理有着重要的影响。论述了水利工程管理单位组织文化评价研究的现状,指出了构建评价指标体系的必要性。介绍了Denison和张仕璟对组织文化维度划分的结果,在此基础上,将一致性、参与性、适应性和使命组织文化特质作为一级指标,核心价值观、团队意识、组织意识、创新意识、社会责任、员工意识和目标愿景作为二级指标,构建了系统的水利工程管理单位组织文化评价指标体系,并简要介绍了水利工程管理单位组织文化评价指标体系权重的确定。     

Coping with Crisis Risk in European Agriculture

Coping with Crisis Risk in European Agriculture
This article summarizes the major findings of an international workshop on coping with crisis risk in European agriculture. The workshop took place as part of an EU sixth framework project entitled: Income stabilisation: Design and economic impact of risk management tools for European agriculture. The meeting focused on ex ante crisis risk, which is defined as a foreseeable and predictable risk that potentially hits many farms at the same time. More specifically, the workshop focused on technology risks - such as food safety and livestock epidemic risks - and weather risks. State of the art discussions pointed towards little attention being paid to crisis risk management in EU agriculture and the incompleteness of risk management instruments available. Proposed solutions, although not entirely agreed upon by all workshop participants, envision some form of public–private partnership. For technology risks, which are rather'manageable' by individual farmers, partnerships are recommended to be a mix of regulation, risk mitigation and non-subsidised market instruments with a clear focus on incentives for risk prevention. For weather risks, these partnerships include financial aspects whereby governments offer free cover for the catastrophic part of losses. The Income Stabilisation project will integrate workshop recommendations with wider research project activities and will eventually advise on prospective risk management instruments for various farm types and regions throughout the European Union.     

Monitoring the effects of land consolidation on the ecological environmental quality based on remote sensing: A case study of Chaohu Lake Basin,China

As a kind of activity to break down the original land ecosystem, land consolidation causes the ecosystem to undergo a process of “stability-unstable-stable”. The Chaohu Lake Basin is a typical traditional agricultural planting area and extensive implementation of large-scale land consolidation projects. By monitoring the impact of land consolidation activities in a specific time period in the basin on the project areas and surrounding environment, the spatial and temporal impacts of large-scale land consolidation on regional eco-environmental quality are analyzed. This study mainly monitors crop growth, soil moisture and temperature changes in the land consolidation project area, and the corresponding changes in the surrounding environment. The response of ecological environment factors caused by land consolidation can be embodied in indicators such as humidity, greenness, heat and dryness. Four indicators of NDVI, WET, LST, and NDBSI were selected, using principal component analysis, monitoring the environmental quality changes in the land consolidation areas of Chaohu Lake Basin. Result shows that the ecological environmental quality of the study area exhibits long-term convergence and short-term divergence, and the correlation between the ecological indicators is not significant. The average contribution rate of the first principal component eigenvalue is 67.94 %. The implementation period of the land consolidation project will seriously interfere with the ecological environment, but it can be restored within 3–5 years after implementation, and the ecological environmental quality of the project area will continue to improve. Land consolidation not only can improve the quality of the ecological environment in the consolidation area, but also can promote the surrounding environment. The findings provide theoretical basis and decision guidance for the improvement of land consolidation planning and design (reconstruction) in China, and offer suggestions on strategy-oriented support and scientific basis for promoting the long-term development of land consolidation worldwide.     

中国农业环境监测阶段划分、评判分析与改进思路

作为农业环境保护的"前哨"和基础,中国农业环境监测始于20世纪70年代,至今已40余年。多年来,中国农业环境监测不断向前发展,获取了丰富的数据信息,为农业环境保护与管理决策提供了有力支撑。近年来,随着农业环境保护与农产品安全形势变化,农业环境监测需要及时总结与改进。文章基于历史回顾、现状分析、未来发展的宏观视角,运用归纳总结、评判分析、层次分析等方法,全面系统地对中国农业环境监测进行阶段划分、特征概括与评判分析,提出改进目标与思路。结论为:中国农业环境监测可划分为3个阶段,具体为"提出建立阶段(1970~1990年)",主要特征可概括为"理念-思路-机构-职责","应用拓展阶段(1991~2005年)",主要特征可概括为"制度-方案-监测","规范完善阶段(2006年至今)",主要特征可概括为"长期定位-动态趋势-预测预警";从宏观层面评判分析了法律依据、管理机制等问题,中观层面评判分析了规划布局问题,微观层面评判分析了数据管理、结果评价问题;明确了改进目标与思路,针对性地提出了完善法律法规、解决管理障碍、科学规划布局、开展大数据管理,以及加强科学研究的改进对策,以期推进农业环境监测健康发展,为农业环境保护与管理决策提供持续支撑。     

基于多时相高分辨率遥感影像的土地整治项目进展评价模型研究

研究目的：为进一步拓展土地整治遥感监测手段,本文以多时相高分辨率遥感数据为数据源,在土地整治工程地物信息提取基础上,构建形象进度评价模型以综合掌握项目实施进展。研究方法：挣值分析法,实证研究法,文献研究法。研究结果：从遥感影像提取的工程矢量信息分析评价结果符合项目实际进展。研究结论：在遥感监测信息提取的基础上,本文提出的工程形象进度评价模型可用于计算项目整体工程进展,评价项目进度情况,并找出导致项目进展缓慢的工程建设内容。     

Resettlement and ecological disruption in Abuja,Nigeria

One of the most major political decisions taken in Nigeria was to move the country's capital from Lagos to Abuja. The physical development of Abuja has involved moving the original inhabitants of the territory to areas not likely to be affected by the process of building the new town's infrastructure. This article examines the resettlement process and highlights the ecological disruption which has occurred in the resettlement areas. The need is shown for the proper evaluation of any resettlement project before and after the exercise. This form of evaluation will help shape land use policies for resettled areas and assist in the monitoring of their carrying capacity.     

Measuring managerial efficiency: the case of commercial greenhouse growers

Recently the managerial decision making process has been given new attention, both in theoretical studies as well as in empirical research explaining differences in farm results. However, while critical to explaining efficiency, managerial ability has been difficult to measure and therefore often ignored. This study attempts to measure managerial ability. It divides the decision making process into four steps: goal formulation, planning, monitoring and evaluation. The quality of each step is measured in a panel of 26 specialised flower producers, The impact of decision making on the firms' efficiencies is measured by means of a stochastic frontier production function. A one‐step procedure is used in which technical and decision making parameters are jointly estimated. The results show positive associations between firm efficiency and the quality of decision making (especially monitoring and firm evaluation), indicating that this procedure has been potentially successful and is a move towards successfully measuring a critical input.     

森林管护对森林生态安全的响应成效与影响路径分析

基于黑龙江省国有林区的数据,运用PSR模型构建了重点国有林区森林生态安全评价指标体系并运用熵权法进行权数确定,对2007—2016年的森林生态安全状况及森林管护对森林生态安全的响应成效进行分析。在此基础上,通过主成分分析及结构方程模型中的路径分析对森林生态压力、森林安全状态、森林管护响应及全面禁伐之间的综合影响路径进行分析。结果表明:在各项森林管护措施的积极作用下,森林管护对森林生态安全状况的响应成效十分显著。2007—2016年黑龙江省国有林区的森林生态安全状况处于持续上升的态势,黑龙江省国有林区的森林生态安全状况从最初的不安全状态,再到2010年以后持续稳定在一般安全状态,最后在2016年一跃达到了安全状态。森林生态压力对森林安全状态的提升具有负向影响。森林管护响应对森林安全状态的提升具有正向影响。全面禁伐作为国有林区改革进程中的一项重要森林管护政策对于减小森林生态压力提升森林安全状态发挥了重要的作用。因此,提出坚决走出"先污染后治理"的生态治理困境;积极践行"两山论"这一习近平生态文明建设思想的重要论断;全面加强天然林资源的保护及培育工作等建议。     

基于无人机遥感技术的水利规划实施监督管理与后评价研究

以大纵湖(盐城市域)退圩(围)还湖规划实施为试点,开展无人机航拍动态监测,结合该规划实施前ALOS卫星影像,对比原规划方案内容,利用目视解译法监测规划已实施11处变化点,进行大纵湖退圩还湖规划符合性分析和实施效果后评价,针对不同性质的问题提出整改建议和方案。结果表明:利用无人机遥感技术进行规划实施监督管理和后评价,不仅可以定性分析规划实施情况,还可以定量给出实施项目详细位置、面积差异,并跟据分析总体规划方案能否实现原定目标或存在的差距,研究该方案有无必要修正或补充。无人机遥感技术适合有动态跟踪监测需求、较大范围的区域水利规划或重点水利工程建设项目的监测和管理。     

项目融资在水利建设中的应用分析

分析项目融资在水利建设中的适用性,提出水利项目融资的基本要求,并就投资者直接安排项目融资、投资者通过项目公司安排项目融资、BOT、TOT、ABS等目前比较常用的融资模式在水利项目建设中的运用提出建议:供水、水利旅游、水产养殖等项目适用投资者直接安排项目融资模式;水电项目适用投资者通过项目公司安排项目融资模式;主要为筹集资金的项目,可选择以内资为主的BOT融资模式;为引进新技术、改善和提高项目管理水平的项目,可选择以外资为主的BOT模式;灌区改造、病险水库除险加固及其他水管工程改造项目适用TOT项目融资模式;ABS融资模式只能作为融项目建设的辅助手段。     

Is Irrigation Rehabilitation Good for Poor Farmers? An Impact Evaluation of a Non‐Experimental Irrigation Project in Peru

This paper analyses the effect of a set of irrigation rehabilitation projects conducted over the last 10 years in Peru. The projects were conducted without the aim or the tools for a full‐fledged impact evaluation. Nevertheless, this paper attempts an evaluation through the use of alternative data sources such as household surveys and geographic information, a strategy of identification of beneficiaries and control households based on spatial proximity to the projects’ sites, and an econometric approach consisting of a double‐differencing technique. The empirical analysis is guided and interpreted with the help of a theoretical model that considers the effects of an irrigation project on the distribution of production, employment and income for different types of landowners. The paper concludes that the irrigation projects implemented in Peru had a positive impact on intended beneficiary households, but not in the way it could have been simplistically expected. The project did benefit the poor but not by increasing production in their own small plots but by providing them with better employment opportunities in larger farms.     

Improving rural livelihoods through the conservation and use of underutilized species: evidence from a community research project in Yemen

The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of a set of interventions related to conservation and use of neglected and underutilized species (NUS) on people's livelihoods. Specifically, a simultaneous three-equation model of households' participation on underutilized crops conservation and income generation activities is applied to evaluate the outcome of a pilot research project implemented by Bioversity International in Yemen between 2002 and 2005. Results generated show a relation between project participation and the perceived yield increase demonstrating the importance for farmers to actively participate in the project's activities and subsequently apply agronomic practices learnt to improve their livelihood. The generated benefits incentivized farmers to continue to apply the interventions beyond the lifetime of the project ensuring thus a sustainable process in which exogenous interventions, once adopted by farmers become integrant part of farmer's agronomic practices.     

淮安枢纽工程社会影响后评价

在社会后评价理论研究的基础上,结合淮安枢纽工程的特点设置了工程社会影响后评价的评价指标,分析流域经济发展、项目区社会环境、项目区自然资源环境、项目对特殊群体的影响等,并对该项目建成后项目区的社会影响进行了事后评价。     

旅游活动对兴凯湖自然保护区湖岗森林植被的影响——以当壁镇旅游度假区为例

以兴凯湖当壁镇旅游区为研究地,运用样方法调查了旅游相关活动影响下湖岗森林的植被状况,以植物多样性信息指数、旅游影响系数、伴人植物比例、植被盖度为评价指标分析了旅游相关活动对植被的影响,分析表明,游客的活动对湖岗森林植被有明显影响,旅游活动干扰强度与植被影响状况成正相关关系。     

基于五元联系数的水环境治理PPP项目可持续性评价

随着我国环境治理力度的加大,水环境治理PPP项目在基础设施建设中占了相当大的比重。但是,由于缺乏系统的指标体系、评价方法和考核工具,很难从理论上评判我国的城市水环境现状以及治理后的可持续性。借助集对分析理论,构建了基于五元联系数的水环境治理PPP项目可持续性评价模型,并选取许昌市水环境治理PPP项目进行案例分析。结果表明:项目整体可持续性较强,并存在上升的趋势,但项目公司管理可持续性处于下降趋势,应重点关注。运用集对分析模型,不仅可以得出项目整体的可持续性及趋势,也可以得出各评价指标的趋势,为项目提高或保持其可持续决策提供了依据。