基于UPLC指纹图谱的西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒的质量相关性研究

为了实现西洋参配方颗粒全生产过程的质量控制,采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)对其饮片、标准汤剂和配方颗粒的指纹图谱和量质传递进行了相关性研究。采用UPLC法测定18批西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、3批配方颗粒的指纹图谱、人参皂苷Rg₁,Re, Rb₁总量,以K值和各已知成分的转移率作为量值传递的评价指标,结合相似度评价法研究三者的相关性。结果表明：西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒指纹图谱均呈现8个共有特征峰,并指认出5个成分,三者的指纹图谱与相应对照指纹图谱及三者对照指纹图谱的相似度均大于0.95,人参皂苷Rg₁,Re, Rb₁的转移率及K值趋势一致,量值传递稳定。西洋参饮片、标准汤剂、配方颗粒的化学成分基本一致,三者具有良好的相关性。研究所得可对西洋参配方颗粒的质量标准研究提供实验及理论支持,并为后续以标准汤剂为基准的配方颗粒或经典方制剂质量控制提供了参考依据。     

瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒质量与饮片特征图谱的相关性

为了建立基于饮片特征图谱预测瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒质量指标的方法,探究瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒质量与饮片特征图谱的相关性。利用特征图谱对瞿麦（石竹）原料中不同药用部位的化学成分进行表征,明确差异峰,统计15批饮片特征图谱中差异峰占总特征峰的峰面积比值（α值）;同时依据国药瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒标准对制备的15批饮片瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒总黄酮含量、出膏率、浸出物含量等指标进行测定;采用Pearson相关性分析方法对饮片特征图谱中的α值与配方颗粒的总黄酮含量、出膏率、浸出物含量进行相关性分析,建立回归模型,并采用具有生产规模的6批瞿麦（石竹）原料、配方颗粒质量参数进行验证。结果表明：王不留行黄酮苷峰和皂草苷峰在饮片中不同药用部位的特征图谱存在相对峰面积差异,15批饮片中二者峰面积总和的α值为0.45～0.83;通过Pearson相关性分析发现,瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒的总黄酮含量、出膏率、浸出物含量与α值呈显著正相关（P＜0.01）,总黄酮含量与α值极强相关,出膏率、浸出物含量与α值强相关;依据相关性建立的3个回归模型,所得R²均大于0.7,模型拟合度较高,通过6批数据的验证发现预测值和实测值的相对标准偏差均小于15%,说明模型有较好的准确性。研究利用原料特征图谱中的α值能够初步预测所得瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒的各指标范围,并可实现源头控制瞿麦（石竹）配方颗粒质量,保证所得配方颗粒质量的可控性。     

桑叶配方颗粒物质基准研究

桑叶配方颗粒迄今尚没有统一的质量标准。为提升桑叶配方颗粒的内在质量,对其物质基准评价方法进行了研究。选取具有代表性产地的15批桑叶制备物质基准,采用高效液相色谱法,以芦丁、异槲皮苷、紫云英苷作为评价指标,确定桑叶物质基准的出膏率范围、标志性成分含量及转移率范围,采用超高效液相色谱法,建立物质基准UPLC特征图谱,并对其主要成分进行指认。结果表明:15批物质基准中,芦丁转移率为19.94%～34.05%,异槲皮苷转移率为11.67%～43.58%,紫云英苷转移率为10.73%～43.05%;物质基准特征图谱中,标定了14个共有峰,指认出7个色谱峰,分别为新绿原酸、绿原酸、咖啡酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、槲皮素-3-O-(6″-O-丙二酰基)-β-D-葡萄糖苷、紫云英苷。所建立的基准评价方法为桑叶配方颗粒质量标准的制定及其后续大规模生产提供了数据基础。     

双参饮片—标准汤剂—成品量值传递研究

为将少数民族用药双参开发成配方颗粒,建立双参饮片、标准汤剂与配方颗粒的高效液相色谱马钱苷酸含量测定方法及薄层色谱鉴别方法,并同时考察双参饮片—标准汤剂—配方颗粒的量值传递关系。采用安捷伦1260Ⅱ液相色谱仪与Waters Symmetry C₁₈柱（4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-0.1％磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为240 nm,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃,建立马钱苷酸含量测定方法;以乙酸乙酯-甲醇-水（10∶2∶1）为展开剂,置紫外光灯（254 nm）下检视,建立薄层鉴别方法;以出膏率、马钱苷酸含量、薄层鉴别图谱为主要评价指标,分析量值传递规律。结果表明：马钱苷酸含量测定、鉴别方法具有较高的稳定性、重复性及可信度;3批双参配方颗粒出膏率均值为18.7%,马钱苷酸含量均值为41.1 mg/g,马钱苷酸含量转移率均值为43.1%,均在15批标准汤剂均值±3SD范围内。马钱苷酸含量测定和薄层色谱鉴别方法可用于双参配方颗粒质量评价,为进一步开展双参配方颗粒研究提供数据基础,并促进少数民族用药现代化。     

牛蒡子标准汤剂质量评价体系的建立

为了提高牛蒡子标准汤剂的质量标准,制备了15批牛蒡子标准汤剂,通过对牛蒡苷含量及指纹图谱的研究,建立了牛蒡子标准汤剂的质量评价体系。第一煎加入8倍水,浸泡30min,煎煮20min;第二煎加入6倍水,煎煮15min,经浓缩、干燥后制得标准汤剂,应用HPLC法测定牛蒡子标准汤剂中牛蒡苷的含量及指纹图谱。结果显示:15批牛蒡子标准汤剂中牛蒡苷的转移率为21.3%～33.3%,平均转移率为27.3%,出膏率为7.1%～11.3%,平均出膏率为9.4%;通过中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统,确定了11个共有峰,通过对照品指认出了5个色谱峰,分别为绿原酸、咖啡酸、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸、牛蒡苷、牛蒡苷元。所建立的评价体系,牛蒡子标准汤剂制备规范,样品质量稳定,指纹图谱相似度大于0.94,对提高牛蒡子配方颗粒的质量标准具有一定的参考价值。     

山楂标准汤剂的HPLC特征图谱研究

为了进一步研究山楂配方颗粒的质量控制方法,以山楂标准汤剂为研究对象,采用高效液相色谱仪与GL science C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm,5.0μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-0.4%磷酸为流动相,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为254 nm,应用特征图谱技术以及中药指纹图谱相似度评价软件提取山楂标准汤剂特征图谱中的特征成分。研究表明,15批山楂标准汤剂中共确定了7个特征峰,分离度较好,且峰面积较大,易于识别,使用参照物标定了3个特征峰成分,各共有峰相对保留时间的RSD值小于2.5%。所建立的山楂标准汤剂HPLC特征图谱方法可靠、稳定,为山楂配方颗粒质量控制提供了一定的参考。     

白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂质量评价体系构建

为了提高白鲜皮配方颗粒的质量标准,采用15批白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂,建立了质量评价体系。第1次加入10倍的水、浸泡30 min、煎煮20 min,第2次加入8倍的水、煎煮15 min,以标准化工艺制备标准汤剂,采用HPLC法测定黄柏酮和梣酮的含量及指纹图谱。结果显示:15批白鲜皮标准汤剂中黄柏酮的转移率为25.08%~44.08%,平均转移率为34.79%,标准偏差为5.37%;梣酮转移率为22.63%~32.86%,平均转移率为27.94%,标准偏差为3.56%;出膏率为20.56%~34.42%,平均出膏率为29.05%,标准偏差为3.33%。采用中药指纹图谱相似度评价系统进行指纹图谱测定,得到共有峰10个,指认出白鲜碱、黄柏酮、梣酮3个峰。由此可知,白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂的制备工艺规范,样品质量稳定,指纹图谱相似度大于0.92,可用于白鲜皮配方颗粒的质量控制,并为白鲜皮饮片标准汤剂的应用和其他根茎类饮片的研究提供参考。     

基于巴戟天配方颗粒的标准汤剂特征图谱

为了使巴戟天配方颗粒的质量标准更加科学规范,通过对15批产自不同地区的巴戟天饮片进行标准汤剂的制备,以及对标准汤剂干膏粉进行研究,确定了巴戟天标准汤剂的出膏率范围;采用高效液相色谱法对主含成分耐斯糖进行了含量测定,研究了巴戟天配方颗粒的HPLC特征图谱分析方法,并对特征谱图中的水晶兰苷进行了指认。结果表明,在以流动相作为提取溶剂、甲醇-水(二者体积比为3∶97)为流动相的条件下,耐斯糖含量的转移率范围为73.21%～94.49%,标准汤剂出膏率范围为49.05%～55.87%。基于巴戟天配方颗粒的标准汤剂特征图谱研究方法严谨、可行,更加科学地阐明了配方颗粒与标准汤剂研究的一致性。     

合欢皮标准汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱研究

为全面反映合欢皮标准汤剂多种组分的面貌,明确合欢皮标准汤剂的HPLC指纹图谱,对15批合欢皮标准汤剂进行了HPLC指纹图谱测定及相似度评价。采用HPLC方法,色谱柱为Waters Symmetry shield RP C_(18)柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.04%磷酸溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱,检测波长为210 nm,流速为1 mL/min,柱温为25℃,对照指纹图谱对合欢皮标准汤剂进行相似度评价及聚类分析。结果表明,15批合欢皮标准汤剂指纹图谱中呈现10个共有峰,相似度为0.967～0.998,表明合欢皮标准汤剂具有良好的一致性;此外,在10个共有峰中指认出(-)-丁香树脂酚-4-O-β-D-呋喃芹糖基-(1→2)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷、异槲皮苷2个化学成分。因此,合欢皮标准汤剂指纹图谱反映了合欢皮标准汤剂的多组分面貌,具有良好的可行性,可为合欢皮配方颗粒的多组分质量控制提供参考。     

佛手标准汤剂中两种成分的测定方法研究

为提高佛手配方颗粒的质量评价标准,利用佛手标准汤剂控制佛手配方颗粒的内在质量。以15批不同产地的佛手饮片为原料,制备佛手标准汤剂,建立含量测定方法,以柚皮苷、橙皮苷为指标成分,测定了15批佛手标准汤剂的相关含量。结果表明:柚皮苷、橙皮苷分别在0.025 1～0.125 5,0.160 5～0.802 3μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均加样回收率分别为102.27%和101.48%,重复性考察RSD值分别为0.78%和0.89%,12 h稳定性考察RSD值分别为0.59%和1.46%。所提出的方法能同时测定柚皮苷和橙波苷两种成分,节约了分析时间,提高了佛手产品的质量标准。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.