权衡中的创新——双元所得税评介

双元所得税是与综合所得税、单一税并列的一种个人所得税的主要模式,其特征为双元税基、双元税率和限制优惠。双元所得税的优点是兼顾了税收收入和国际竞争力、兼顾了效率和一定程度的收入再分配、避免了对资本的重复课税、降低了由于通货膨胀带来的对资本所得的过度课税、简化了税制。双元所得税契合了北欧各国社会经济状况对税制的要求,因此,成为北欧国家个人所得税的首选模式。     

税制结构演变的国际经验与中国展望

税制结构的演变受到经济因素、政府政策目标、国家和社会关系的影响和约束,具有普遍的规律性。考察世界各国税制结构的演变历程可以发现,发达国家税制结构和税种结构均比较稳定,直接税占比高但税种分散,货物与劳务税仍为最大的单一税种;发展中国家税制结构相对稳定但税种结构呈趋势性变化,个人所得税和企业所得税均稳中有升。个人所得税和社会保障缴款是国家间税制结构差异的主要来源,企业所得税负担的国际竞争面临深刻变化。当前我国已基本形成了双主体税制结构,直接税收入中所得类税收、企业主体税收占比较高。鉴于此,我国应在强化均贫富、促消费的目标下,提高个人所得税比重、完善财产税制度、加强自然人税源管理;在新经济增长模式下,对增值税进行适应性调整和税负优化。     

Fundamental Tax Reform in The Netherlands

The Netherlands has abolished the tax on actual personal capital income and has replaced it by a presumptive capital income tax, which is in fact a net wealth tax. This paper contrasts this wealth tax with a conventional realization-based capital gains tax, a retrospective capital gains tax with interest on the deferred tax, and a mark-to-market tax which taxes capital gains as they accrue. We conclude that the effective and neutral taxation of capital income can best be ensured through a combination of (a) a mark-to-market tax to capture the returns on easy-to-value financial products, and (b) a capital gains tax with interest to tax the returns on hard-to-value real estate and small businesses.     

税收竞争是当代税收鼓励经济发展的基本形式

经济全球化推动税收竞争。20世纪80年代中后期世界范围内的大规模税制改革标志着税收竞争成为当代税收鼓励经济发展的基本形式;90年代中后期的税制调整是80年代中后期税收竞争的继续,是更加完善的税收竞争形式。公司所得税和关税占各国税收总收入的比重不断下降的趋势是税收竞争的显著结果;避税地税制模式是税收竞争的彻底表现。     

Tax competition and tax base equalization in the presence of multiple tax instruments

The literature on tax competition has argued that tax base equalization, which reduces regional disparities in tax bases, can serve as a means of internalizing horizontal and vertical fiscal externalities. This argument assumes that each government relies on a single tax base (a regional tax on mobile capital and a federal tax on savings). This paper considers the case in which a distortionary labor tax is also available. Internalizing fiscal externalities requires that while the regional capital tax base is fully equalized, a region’s equalization entitlement for the labor tax is positive when its tax base is “larger” than the average tax base of all regions. This efficient tax base equalization system is incompatible with the primary objective of fiscal equalization.

     

公司税收规避、税率持续性与股票收益波动率

从税率平稳性角度看,避税活动是否会增加税率波动性进而给企业带来高风险是一个值得探讨的重要问题。从动态视角研究发现,避税是一种策略性行为,低实际税率的企业相比高实际税率的企业,其税率在长时期内能够保持平稳。此外,避税活动并不一定会带来未来税率和股票收益的波动性。这说明公司通常采用持续、稳定的税收策略,不会带来公司风险的激增。进一步研究发现：节税率的波动性与公司未来股票收益波动存在着显著正相关,即当避税引起税率波动较大时,会带来公司股票收益风险的增加。     

新形势下的宏观税负问题探讨--基于税收平滑线模型的分析

衡量一国税负轻重的主要标志是宏观税负,而税收政策的运用主要体现在宏观税负的控制上。从税负口径、税收绝对额以及纳税人的主观感受等来进行分析,目前我国宏观税负偏重。运用税收平滑线假说进行分析,建议从以下几方面对我国宏观税负进行调整:降低宏观税负率,涵养税源;保证收入,减少赤字,减税的同时辅之以增税;进一步拓宽税基;清费立税,推进税费改革。     

论税制改革、优化与税收征管均衡发展

税制改革与优化为税收征管创造良好的实施基础,有助于税收征管质量和效率的提高;税收征管是税制改革与优化的制约因素,良好的税收征管是保证税制有效运行的手段,税收征管质量和效率的提高有利于税制改革与优化,为税制改革与优化提供更广阔的空间。只有税制改革、优化与税收征管均衡发展,才能更好地实现税收政策的经济社会目标,充分发挥税收的作用。     

法国个人房地产税体系透视

在法国,与个人房地产相关的税种包括居住税、建筑土地税、空置住宅税、财富税。法国的个人房地产税在税制要素、税基评估和税收争议等方面形成了相对合理的制度安排,其实践经验对我国开征物业税有借鉴意义。     

海南自由贸易港销售税制度研究

科学合理的税费制度对于海南自由贸易港发展具有至关重要的作用.行将启动的简并增值税、消费税、车辆购置税、城市维护建设税及教育费附加等税费,以及已经启动的在货物和服务零售环节征收销售税的税制改革是实现海南自由贸易港税制设计目标的重要举措.海南自由贸易港销售税宜采取"窄税基、高税率"的设计思路.销售税征收宜根据不同应税商品的...     

新企业所得税法的公平与效率

公平原则和效率原则是税法的基本原则。我国企业所得税法的统一在诸多层面体现了税法的公平和效率原则。本文通过对公平和效率原则的分析,探讨了我国企业所得税制度的历史变迁,分析了其在实现公平和效率方面的得失以及价值选择,着重研究了企业所得税法在纳税人、效率、税收优惠以及反避税等方面对公平和效率原则的回应及时代意义。     

浅议当前税制改革的三忧

当前,税制体制改革存在财税体制不兼容、税务机构不合理、税制结构不合理三忧,使财税体制改革出现很多困难。应从以下几方面进行全面配套的财税体制改革:适当下放财权,适当上收事权;调整税种,完善税制;深化税务机构改革。     

Using Financial Accounting Data to Examine the Effect of Foreign Operations Located in Tax Havens and Other Countries on U.S. Multinational Firms' Tax Rates

This paper investigates the effect tax havens and other foreign jurisdictions have on the income tax rates of multinational firms based in the United States. We develop a new regression methodology using financial accounting data to estimate the average worldwide, federal, and foreign tax rates on worldwide, federal, and foreign pretax book income for a large sample of U.S. firms with and without tax haven operations. We find that on average U.S. firms that disclosed material operations in at least one tax haven country have a worldwide tax burden on worldwide income that is approximately 1.5 percentage points lower than firms without operations in at least one tax haven country. Our results also show that U.S. firms face a 4.4% current federal tax rate on foreign income whether or not they have tax haven operations. Finally, we find that U.S. firms with operations in some tax haven countries have higher federal tax rates on foreign income than other firms. This result suggests that in some cases, tax haven operations may increase U.S. tax collections at the expense of foreign country tax collections.     

完善消费税的思考

消费税计税价格核定与增值税的相关规定不衔接，不利于税款及时入库，难以防范纳税人偷漏税款；单一环节征税消弱了消费税的调节功能，难以形成完整的税收征管链条；价内税不能解决重复征税问题。为此，建议比照增值税的相关规定调整消费税计税价格，调整部分消费品征税环节，改价内税为价外税。     

Is Tax Harmonization Useful?

It is a widely acknowledged result of the literature on international tax competition that an inefficient provision of public goods can only be avoided, if taxes are sufficiently coordinated. In this paper we use a model where governments use commodity and factor taxes in the tax competition game. We show that governments will always choose a second-best efficient tax structure in the Nash equilibrium if they have access to a residence-based capital tax and either a destination-based commodity tax or a labor tax. Moreover, we show that tax competition need not foreclose third-best efficiency in a world with a restricted tax policy toolkit.     

结构性减税背景下税制调整与居民消费

文章立足于结构性减税背景,阐述商品税、财产税与所得税的经济效应,考察我国税制结构调整对居民消费支出的影响。固定效应下运用系统 GMM 估计方法实证检验税制结构对居民消费的作用方向及实际效果,并分析居民消费的空间自相关性及税制结构的空间外溢性。研究表明,商品税和财产税调整的替代作用正向刺激了居民提高当期消费,所得税调整并未改变收入效应挤出居民消费的事实,而居民消费在相邻省份间存在高度空间正向自相关,同时商品税、财产税改革措施能够外溢至邻省刺激消费支出。     

Measuring income tax accrual quality

We develop and validate a measure of tax accrual quality. Tax accrual quality captures variation in the extent to which the income tax accrual maps into income tax-related cash flows, with lower variation indicating a higher quality tax accrual. Low tax accrual quality arises from (1) management estimation error and (2) financial reporting standards that lead to differences between income tax expense and income tax cash flows not captured by deferred tax assets and liabilities. We validate our tax accrual quality measure by showing it is associated with firm characteristics that capture both constructs and by demonstrating it predicts future tax-related restatements and internal control material weaknesses. We illustrate the importance of our measure by showing that investors view tax expense as more informative in firms with better tax accrual quality. Future researchers can use tax accrual quality to address questions related to estimation error in the income tax account.     

税法总则立法框架下纳税义务体系的构建

纳税义务体系是税法总则的基础性概念,是现代税收债法建构的核心范畴。纳税义务体系在主体内容上包括纳税义务、扣缴义务和第二次纳税义务,与纳税义务有关的附随义务还有相关程序上的协力义务等相关义务。从程序上看,纳税义务的发生、履行与变更、消灭皆遵循税收程序法的明确规定,并因税种不同而存在差异。除了法定的明确纳税义务以外,在税法上还有类推适用与核定征收、溢缴税款与双重征税以及产生税收利息与滞纳金的特定情形,需要遵循交易实质、要件明确性和适度区分负担的原则加以解释和处理。我国应在税法总则立法框架下建构以纳税人为中心的纳税义务制度,并在具体税种制度中加以类型化并制定明确的规则要件,使得纳税义务体系在总则法、实体法和程序法上的理论与适用实现协调统一。     

纳税人税收遵从行为博弈分析

创建基于行为博弈的税收遵从均衡模型,将处于相同税收境况的纳税人视为一个群体,则个体纳税人选择税收遵从策略从纳税人群体角度来看就是以一定的概率选择该种策略。面对正常税务检查与严格税务检查并存的环境,纳税人税收遵从博弈稳定均衡策略形成不但取决于税制的特性,而且依赖于其他纳税人的税收遵从决策。依据税收遵从博弈均衡的形成机理,提出建立我国税收遵从激励监督机制的对策。     

透视税法遵从意识培养的法理内涵

随着税收制度的不断完善和税收征收管理的不断改进,凸现于税收理论与实践中的一个具有重要意义的问题就是对全体公民税法遵从意识的培养.没有普遍的税法遵从意识为环境,再完善的税制,再先进的税收征管手段都无法保证国家税收的依法征收.本文试图从一般法理和税法法理的不同层次、从法律义务与道德义务的区别与联系的角度着手进行分析,探索税法作为一种特定的法律形式对纳税人义务规则要求重于权利保障的合理性,从而为公民自觉遵从税法提供法理上的依据.