2007年世界药品销售与上海医院用药比较分析

目的 对2007年世界药品销售与上海市样本医院用药进行比较分析.方法 世界药品销售信息来源于IMS Health编辑的world Review,与上海市样本医院数据比较,结合临床应用进行分析讨论.结果 2007年世界药品销售金额增长6.4%,上海市样本医院药品销售金额增长22%.两者用药品种逐年接近,抗肿瘤药物是国内外增速很快的一类药物.世界药物销售中,调脂药和抗精神障碍药所占份额较高,而上海样本医院中,抗菌药物、大输液和血液制品较高.由于加强了对抗菌药物合理使用的监管和宣传,近年来抗菌药物份额逐渐下降.结论 上海市医院用药和世界的差距正在逐渐缩小.     

2011年世界和中国石化工业综述及2012年展望

2011年,世界石化工业继续缓慢复苏,乙烯装置平均开工率为84.3％,新增乙烯产能360万吨/年,均处于较低水平；乙烯产量为12562万吨,供应增长大于需求增幅,乙烯毛利大幅下滑.美国仍是最大的乙烯生产国,国内低廉的气价使得以乙烷为原料的乙烯裂解产量上升.石化产业仍处于周期低谷,乙烯及下游产品价格涨幅小于原油,公司利润下降.合成树脂新增能力较多,导致开工率下降；合纤平稳增长而合纤原料供应增速较快；合成橡胶供应增长主要来自中国.中国新增乙烯产能24万吨/年,总产能达到1520万吨/年；乙烯产量为1553.6万吨；乙烯当量消费量为3132.4万吨,增长4.9％.合成树脂、合成橡胶产量保持较快增长,但需求增速放缓,进口量下降.全国化工行业产值和利润大幅增长.2012年,世界石化工业仍处于周期低谷；供应增长主要来自中东和亚洲；美国以乙烷为原料的乙烯产能继续增长；中国的乙烯和合成树脂新增能力不多,消费增速继续保持较低水平；中国的合成橡胶供应量增加较多,而需求增速下降.     

The Role of the State in Balancing the Minimum Wage in Turkey and the USA

In this article, the direct role of the state in industrial relations is scrutinized by focusing on the political basis of decisions regarding the minimum wage. We argue that in order to ensure stability and growth, any state must balance the interests of capital and labour when taking this kind of distributional decision. This idea is operationalized using O'Connor's concepts of accumulation and legitimation as the basis for an analytical model. Application to Turkey and comparison with the USA reveals that in Turkey, governments take account of legitimacy concerns in their minimum wage decisions due to the large number of workers directly dependent on minimum wages and weak collective bargaining institutions. In the USA, despite rather similar industrial relations conditions, this tendency is not present, probably due to the much smaller number of minimum wage earners and their weakness in the political process. However, in the USA, too, we observe that there is a difference between political parties and historical periods in the way in which the minimum wage is determined.     

Access regulation and the incumbent investment in quality-upgrades and in cost-reduction

This papers studies if access price regulation has an impact on incumbents’ incentives to invest in their network that might differ according to the nature of investments, that is, quality-upgrading and cost-reducing. It is shown that if the marginal cost of quality-upgrading is very low both types of investment are increasing in the access price. If the marginal cost of cost-reducing is very low, both investments decrease after an increase in the access price. Otherwise, a high access price increases the incentives for quality-upgrading and reduces the incentives for cost-reducing. Therefore, regulators should set a higher access price the lower is the marginal cost of quality-upgrading as compared to the marginal cost of cost-reducing.     

Telecommunications and education in the USA

The author examines the use of technology and telecommunications in various subsectors of education. Included in the examination are metropolitan communications networks for education, costs and economies of scale, and the federal role in technological innovation in education. He concludes with recommendations for additional studies aimed at achieving increased social benefits from the use of technology in education within metropolitan areas.     

Trends in the Training of Male and Female Workers in the United Kingdom

After controlling for the effect of impact of human capital and other characteristics, including whether respondents are interviewed directly or by proxy, there has been a convergence in the experience of women and men regarding access to training in Britain. This convergence applies both to total training participation in any four weeks and to the weekly volume of off-the-job training.     

Innovation, convergence and the role of regulation in the Netherlands and beyond

In the light of converging services for voice, data, and video, this paper discusses the challenges for telecommunications regulation from a European perspective. The Netherlands, a country with excellent conditions for facilities-based competition, is discussed as a case in point. With dynamic issues at the heart of the debate, the role of regulation and government intervention more generally is to create and possibly to sustain conditions among operators to upgrade their networks and to provide innovative services. A fresh look at current regulation suggests that an overhaul may be needed.     

Fixed and fluid: stability and change in the geography of the Internet

The geography of today's Internet infrastructure is grounded in the fiber installations, routers, switches and central offices that guide electronic messages around the world. While the location of hardware is relatively fixed, the task of identifying the locations where data and information are stored is a far more difficult task. Advances in technology have created a very fluid definition of the location of information that has become increasingly distributed and ethereal. This paper examines the current structure and location patterns of Internet infrastructure hardware in the USA and how content distribution networks and peer-to-peer networks have disrupted traditional information location. The comparison of the two provides insight into how the geography of infrastructure hardware is influencing Internet technology and business.     

Independence and the regulatory state—Telecommunications in Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom

In the autumn of 2014 the residents of Scotland, but not other parts of the UK, will vote on whether to leave the UK and to become a separate state, with a positive vote leading to an independent parliament expected to be elected in 2016. It would remain within the EU and in compliance with its acquis communitaire. This paper identifies issues that would have to be addressed in preparing for and creating a new system of governance for telecommunications markets on that tight timescale.     

Jointism and the Role of the Workplace Union in the auto-components Industry

This article is part of a case study history, from the British auto-components industry involving a changing workplace regime from the late 1970s through to the 1990s. Employing the concepts of 'dual commitment' and 'incorporation' we explore, partly through the voices of participants, the process of involvement in that regime. We consider the implications for how trade unions might respond to policies on 'jointism', and for management vis-a-vis the choices on union involvement or anti union strategies.     

2000年世界与中国石化工业综述

2000年全球石化工业恢复景气，需求回升，利润增长，但受国际油价居高不下的影响，石化工业盈利水平受到一定影响，从总体上看，全球石化工业充满活力，关税税率和其它贸易障碍将日趋减少，乙烯产量的一半将位于传统的美，欧,日三元体系之外，石化产品生产成本将继续下降，大宗石化产品的固定成本占完全成本的比例将下降，原料费用所占比例将增加，跨国化工公司将逐渐从大宗石化产品的生产升级到更高附加价值产品的生产，2000年中国石化市场产销两旺，进口大增，需求再创历史新高，石化产品自给率继续下降，石化行业投资主体呈现多元化趋势，中国石油，中国石化先后在海外成功上市，标志着我国石油石化工业的改革发展步入新的历史阶段，面对经济全球化，结构调整和科技进步加快的国际大环境以及加入WTO带来的挑战，我国石化工业要抓住市场旺需的历史性机遇，加快技术改造，推进结构调整，突出核心业务，扩展市场，降低成本，实现内涵发展，促进产业升级。     

Innovation and the Survival of New Firms in the UK

This paper analyzes the survival over the subsequent 5-year period of the complete cohort of nearly 162,000 limited companies that incorporated in Britain in 2001. The paper focuses on the relationship between innovation and survival at the firm-level. The data available allow us to look at the intellectual property (IP) activity of all British firms, including that of the cohort of new firms in 2001. The results indicate that IP activity, measured as patenting and trade-marking, is associated with a considerably lower probability of exit. We also find substantial differences in survival probabilities across sectors. In some sectors patenting is associated with a lower probability of exit; however, trade-marking is associated with lower probability in almost all sectors.     

Cereal shortages and adjustment in the Sahel

In spite of insufficient agricultural and demographic statistics for this region of Africa, several estimates of cereal production per head suggest that the average harvest in these arid zones provides slightly less than the quantity needed for domestic consumption. Alarmed by the drought of 1968–1973 and the resulting famine of 1973,¹ the development agencies questioned the capacity of the Sahel countries to feed their populations. ‘Is self-sufficiency in food a realistic objective?’, asked Robert Hirsch at the Noakchott Colloquium.² Statistical analysis leads to the conclusion that improvement is technically possible, and that the eight countries of CILSS, as a whole, should be able to achieve self-sufficiency in millet, sorghum and maize. However, certain individual countries will not be able to meet domestic needs. Moreover, Hirsch states that urban demand is increasing for corn and rice, which are difficult to produce locally and costly to import. (CILSS is the Comité Inter-états de Lutte contre la Sécheresse au Sahel).     

Metaphor and pedagogy in the design practicum

This paper discusses the ways in which the long-established tradition of the design ‘practicum’ continues to structure teaching and learning in undergraduate programmes. It draws on an in-depth empirical study of one degree course in graphic design and accompanying research in a small number of professional graphic design studios; this dual focus enables identification of shared practices and discourses across the two contexts. Examination of its distinctive modes of teaching and learning indicates the effectiveness of practicum pedagogy in promoting design understanding and the professional preparation of students. The study’s insights into the design classroom are illuminated by situated theories of learning, particularly the idea that knowing equates to participation in the specialist knowledge community of graphic design. A key feature of the learning situation is identified as the practicum discourse shared by tutors and learners, which is characterized as metaphor-based rather than analytical and abstract. The strengths and limitations of this practice-oriented discourse are discussed in the light of the recognized difficulties in articulating art and design knowledge, and its consequent problematic status in the academy. The paper’s focus on metaphorical discourse offers a different view of design pedagogy, and suggests a means of researching it that may also be relevant to other practice-oriented domains.     

Food irradiation in Asia and the Pacific

Although there has been considerable progress in the technology of food irradiation over recent years, barriers still restrict commercial applications in many countries, thus limiting international trade. However, there are moves to demonstrate the practical benefits of this method particularly in the developing countries of the Asian and Pacific region who have joined together in an international cooperative project. Based on developments in China and elsewhere, it is likely that more countries in this region will use food irradiation to combat high rates of food losses and to improve the quality of certain foods in the future.     

Strategy in emerging economies and the theory of the firm

Indigenous emerging economy (EE) firms are increasingly competing in global markets or against multinational corporations (MNCs) in their home markets. But their institutional context at the national and local levels often suffers from what has been termed “institutional weakness” which is believed to put them at a competitive disadvantage on the global playing field. Yet little is known about how EE institutional weakness at the national level translates into competitive disadvantage at the firm level. In this perspectives paper, we examine this shortcoming in the literature. We utilize three popular theories of the firm—neoclassical economics, the resource-based view, and the nexus of contracts view—to examine how EE institutional weakness at the national level affects strategic choices at the firm level. We then explain how these strategic choices affect firm boundaries, internal organization, and the nature of competitive advantage for firms in EEs.     

Innovation and integration in the agri-food industry

We deal with the link between innovation and market structure using the empirical example of the Danish agri-food industry. Vertical integration may resolve hold-up problems and here we test for the importance of vertical integration and networks on innovation. We further examine the effects of network relationships on innovation behaviour. We use data from an extensive survey of 444 Danish firms over two years, 2000 and 2005 to estimate a bootstrapped zero-inflated Poisson regression model. The first and most significant result is that organization matters. Further we find that vertical integration as well as contractual arrangements are significant determinants for firms’ innovation behaviour. The direction of integration is important as well. Also, economies of size seem to play an important role. Similarly, the export orientation of the firm is a significant determinant of innovation whereas the sector the firm is operating in is not significant for its innovation behaviour.     

Agriculture and economic development in the Caribbean

This article examines the role of agriculture in the economic development of the more developed Caribbean countries — Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and Tobago. The agricultural sector's contribution to the economy has declined in the past two decades. As a result, the agricultural sector has not generated sufficient employment or foreign exchange earnings. This has meant that the industrial sector has not been able to sustain development.     

Survival and Decline of the Apprenticeship System in the Australian and UK Construction Industries

The preservation of the apprenticeship system in the Australian construction industry contrasts with its decline in Britain over the last three decades. This decline is conventionally ascribed to changes in industrial structure, specifically a decline in the role of the public sector, intensification of subcontracting and growth of self‐employment. Given that the Australian construction industry has undergone similar structural changes to those in the United Kingdom, this difference in outcome requires explanation. This article suggests that the contrasting outcomes are the result of institutional differences in the organization of the training system, employers and labour between the two countries. These institutional differences are, however, diminishing as arrangements for training and industrial relations in Australia are increasingly fashioned in the likeness of the United Kingdom.     

中国和世界钢铁企业发展新动态

一、中国和世界钢铁企业发展十分迅猛 1．中国钢铁企业的发展。据中国钢铁工业协会统计，2007年中国粗钢产量48924万t，其中超过1000万t的钢铁企业共有10家，依次是宝钢2858万t、鞍本2359万t、唐钢2275万t、沙钢2289万t、武钢2019万t、马钢1417万t、首钢1286万t、济钢1212万t、莱钢1170万t、华菱1112万t。