我国通货膨胀的特点、引发机制及治理对策

通货膨胀正成为我国经济发展中的主要风险。本轮通胀的重要特征是"结构性"突出,引发因素是流动性过剩,表现在过多的流动性导致农副产品等初级产品价格的大幅上涨带动结构性通胀爆发。当前我国结构性通胀的形成机理在于开放经济条件下部门发展的不协调及部门间物价涨落幅度的差异,而流动性过剩则对我国通胀的生成起到了推波助澜的作用。要有效治理通胀,必须对症下药,采取加强货币供给和货币需求的管理,把回收流动性和引导流动性结合起来,把治理通胀与转方式、调结构结合起来,认真解决实体经济中存在的结构性问题。     

当前我国通货膨胀的成因及特点

在全球流动性过剩的背景下,2007年我国经济继续保持高速增长;因外汇储备增加,基础货币大量投放,信贷和货币供给量也快速增长。文章认为经济偏热、货币供给的快速增加以及国际食品价格上涨共同点燃了这轮物价上涨的引擎,并且分析出此轮通货膨胀只是结构性的,物价的全面上涨尚未到来,但不能掉以轻心,需要立即采取紧缩货币政策和宽松财政政策相搭配的方法防范全面通货膨胀的出现。     

探讨流动性货币过剩、通货膨胀对经济增长的影响及对策

改革开放之后,我国经济进入了飞速发展的阶段.流动性货币剩余几乎已经成为我国经济形势中的一种常态.本文从全球经济复苏现状和我国经济发展情况两方面分析了我国产生流动性货币过剩和通货膨胀的原因,并讨论了流动性货币过剩和通货膨胀对我国经济增长产生的影响.本文结合我国的经济发展特点,提出了我国应如何应对流动性货币过剩和通货膨胀带来的不利影响.     

货币供应增长率与通货膨胀之间动态关系的实证研究

中国实施宽松的货币政策,货币供应量增幅快速回升,流动性加大,市场的通涨预期不断高涨。故系统研究货币供应量、银行信贷与通货膨胀之间的动态关系,可为衡量货币政策有效性提供些依据。通过构建向量自回归模型,分析货币供应、金融机构贷款和通货膨胀之间的动态关系。     

货币供应、通货膨胀与经济增长关系的实证研究——基于分位数回归方法

使用1985—2011年的数据,运用单位根检验、格兰杰因果关系检验以及建立分位数回归模型,对中国货币供应、通货膨胀与经济增长之间的关系进行了实证研究,结果表明：货币供应、经济增长均会导致通货膨胀,适度的通货膨胀会促进经济增长,二者呈双向因果关系。货币供应和经济增长对通货膨胀的影响都具有一定的时滞性。在控制其他变量不变的情况下,经济增长对通货膨胀的影响比货币供应要大。当通货膨胀水平较低时,经济增长和货币供应对通货膨胀的影响较小,当通货膨胀处于较高水平时,货币供给对通货膨胀的影响相对较大。     

时变框架下中国货币流动性的影响研究:1992-2012

本文运用时变参数向量自回归(TVP-VAR)模型对中国1992-2012年季度数据进行估计,结果表明:中国的货币流动性对产出、通货膨胀及资产价格的影响随着时间的变迁而具有明显的时变性,流动性冲击对宏观变量影响的时变特性依赖于经济所处的状态(资产价格繁荣—衰退、经济周期、通货膨胀周期及信贷周期等)。借助单方程方法估计不同的经济状态下流动性冲击对宏观经济的额外影响。本文的研究旨在为中国货币政策的制定和效果预测提供新的参考。     

货币流动性与经济增长:时变影响及门限效应

通过构建时变参数向量自回归模型(TVP-VAR)和反映流动性过剩与否两种状态的门限回归模型,考察了货币流动性对经济增长的时变影响,并从货币流动性的供给渠道出发,具体分析了外汇占款及信贷规模对经济产出的影响变化。结合中国1996年至2018年的季度数据,实证研究发现,样本期内M2、国内信贷以及外汇占款对经济增长的影响具有明显的时变特征,对经济产出的影响随时间变化存在结构性变动和显著的单门限效应;在受到外部冲击时,各流动性变量对经济的促进作用和实际GDP的响应程度明显减弱;经济产出对货币流动性具有长期的正向影响,并且受资本边际报酬递减规律支配,对M2及国内信贷的影响呈现出"V"型时变特征;经济货币化程度较低时,货币流动性对经济增长影响显著为正,超出一定阈值后影响减弱且不再显著。     

中国当前通货膨胀形成原因经验研究:2003—2007年

2003年以来,我国新一轮通货膨胀具有结构性、非平衡性、温和性、不确定性和信念不一致性等特点。我国新一轮通货膨胀到目前为止,同时具有需求拉动通货膨胀和成本推动通货膨胀的特征,但流动性过剩对当前居民消费价格上涨的影响还不明显。因此,对我国当前通货膨胀进行治理应当着眼于当前通货膨胀的形成机制,而不是盲目实施紧缩性货币政策和财政政策。     

我国经济运行中流动性过剩问题的思考

我国经济的流动性问题逐渐成为目前经济运行过程中的主要问题之一,过多的货币投放量和待投资的资金容易引发通货膨胀,进而导致货币贬值和商品、劳务价格的快速上涨.因此,当货币超发时,银行需要采取一定措施,控制货币发行,通过降低储蓄利率等方式对经济流动性过剩问题加以控制,保持预期货币存量的均衡,避免引发物价持续上涨.本文将对经济流动性过剩现象进行简单介绍,目前这一现象已成为全世界经济运行的普遍现象,本文将着重对我国的经济运行流动性过剩问题进行探讨,并提出几点对策思考.     

美国通货膨胀对中国通胀预期的影响研究

本文基于理性预期与预期形成的传染病学模型,将外部通货膨胀因素引入通货膨胀预期形成机制之中,采用MTARDL模型实证检验美国通货膨胀对中国通货膨胀预期的作用机制。研究结果表明,美国通货膨胀在中国通货膨胀预期形成机制中具有明显的非对称特征,其上涨对通货膨胀预期的催化效果远大于下降造成的抑制效应,而且美国通货膨胀对国内通货膨胀预期的影响存在结构性突变,相比于断点前,其影响效果在断点后更加强劲且作用过程趋于复杂化。与此同时,国内货币政策对通货膨胀预期的调控效果正逐渐下降。研究结果显示,国内货币当局在对公众通货膨胀预期引导过程中应更加注重美国通货膨胀的动态变化,同时优化货币政策的传导机制及政策效率。     

Monetary policy and efficiency in over‐the‐counter financial trade

We develop a monetary model that incorporates over‐the‐counter (OTC) asset trade. After agents have made their money holding decisions, they receive an idiosyncratic shock that affects their valuation for consumption and, hence, for the unique liquid asset, namely money. Subsequently, agents can choose whether they want to enter the OTC market in order to sell assets and thus boost their liquidity or to buy assets and thus provide liquidity to other agents. In our model, inflation affects not only the money holding decisions of agents, as is standard in monetary theory, but also the entry decision of these agents in the financial market. We use our framework to study the effect of inflation on welfare, asset prices and OTC trade volume. In contrast to most monetary models, which predict a negative relationship between inflation and welfare, we find that inflation can be welfare improving within a certain range, because it mitigates a search externality that agents impose on one another when they make their OTC market entry decision. Also, an increase in the holding cost of money will lead to a decrease in asset prices, a regularity that is well documented in the data and often considered anomalous.     

Liquidity risk, economic development, and the effects of monetary policy

Empirical evidence indicates that monetary policy is not super-neutral in many countries. In particular, in high inflation economies, inflation is negatively related to economic activity. By comparison, inflation may be positively correlated with output in low inflation countries. We present a neoclassical growth model with money in which the incidence of liquidity risk is inversely related to aggregate capital formation. Interestingly, there may be multiple monetary steady-states where the effects of monetary policy vary. In poor economies, the financial system is highly distorted and higher rates of money growth are associated with less capital formation. In contrast, in advanced economies, a Tobin effect is observed. Since inflation exacerbates distortions from a coordination failure in the low-capital steady-state, individuals become much more exposed to liquidity risk. Consequently, optimal monetary policy depends on the level of development.     

The Effects of Monetary Policy Shocks in Bangladesh: A Bayesian Structural VAR Approach

This paper develops a Bayesian structural VAR model for Bangladesh in a small-open-economy context in order to estimate the effects of monetary policy shocks on various macroeconomic variables. To increase the precision of the model identification, we allow the macroeconomic variables of the model to interact simultaneously with each other. This paper finds that the liquidity effect and the exchange-rate effect of the monetary policy shock are realized immediately, while industrial production responds with a lag of over half a year, and the inflation rate responds with a lag of more than one year. I also find that monetary policy shocks are not the dominant source of industrial production fluctuations in Bangladesh.     

Optimal monetary policy in a Phillips-curve world

In this paper, we study optimal monetary policy in a model that integrates the modern theory of unemployment with a liquidity model of monetary transmission. Two policy environments are considered: period-by-period optimization (time consistency) and full commitment (Ramsey allocation). When the economy is subject to productivity shocks, the optimal policy is pro-cyclical. We also characterize the long-term properties of monetary policy and show that with commitment the optimal inflation rate is inversely related to the bargaining power of workers. Both results find empirical support in the data.     

The role and impact of monetary policy in CEFTA countries

An effective monetary policy requires a stable relationship between the money stock and macroeconomic variables such as output, price level, interest rates, and exchange rates. A dynamism of structural changes in transition economies of eastern Europe makes such stability far from obvious. This is reflected in the fact that a stable demand for money function cannot be estimated even for the most advanced East European countries: Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic. Empirical analysis of the relationship between nominal variables indicates rather limited relationships as well. Therefore, all that can be expected from monetary policy in eastern Europe is not to be too tight so as to starve the economy of needed liquidity and not to be too loose so as to ignite inflation.     

Monetary policy and asset prices

The purpose of this paper is study the effect of monetary policy on asset prices. We study the properties of a monetary model in which a real asset is valued for its rate of return and for its liquidity. We show that money is essential if and only if real assets are scarce, in the precise sense that their supply is not sufficient to satisfy the demand for liquidity. Our model generates a clear connection between asset prices and monetary policy. When money grows at a higher rate, inflation is higher and the return on money decreases. In equilibrium, no arbitrage amounts to equating the real return of both objects. Therefore, the price of the asset increases in order to lower its real return. This negative relationship between inflation and asset returns is in the spirit of research in finance initiated in the early 1980s.     

当前我国货币政策工具选择的依据及运用

2010年我国调整了实施两年多的宽松货币政策,宣布2011年实行稳健的货币政策。使货币政策从宽松转向稳健的最直接原因是目前我国物价上涨加快,资产泡沫化加剧,通胀预期上升。但是,紧缩货币政策工具的力度除了考虑国内物价因素以外,还应考虑到国际因素。当前,外围主要经济体增长率下滑、失业率高企,因而当前甚至今后一段时间内,央行在使用紧缩货币政策工具收紧流动性、防止资产泡沫风险时,应把握好节奏和力度,以防经济硬着陆风险。     

Devaluation,Inflation, and the Balance of Payments: A Short-Run Monetary Approach*

In this paper a model is presented to analyze, in a monetary setting, the effects of a once-and-for-all adjustment in the exchange rate in a small economy committed to a fixed exchange-rate system. The effects of such an adjustment are shown to be transitory. After a devaluation the domestic rate of inflation accelerates in relation to the rate of inflation in the rest of the world. The increase in prices reduces the real value of the nominal stock of money and, in order to restore real liquidity to its previous level, foreign-exchange reserves start to flow into the country. However, as monetary equlibrium is reached, the flow of reserves tends to stop and the domestic rate of inflation converges to the world rate.     

后金融危机的货币供给过剩及其效应

本文针对我国货币政策的操作特征,使用阈值协整方法扩展现有的货币需求模型,度量后金融危机时期的货币供给过剩及其对通胀与经济增长的非线性调节效应,并进而设定广义脉冲响应函数揭示货币供给过剩对通胀与经济增长的冲击效应。主要结论为:2009年第三季度以后,我国货币供给过剩且过剩幅度快速增加,其中名义M1过剩12.56%,名义M2过剩11.31%。2009Q3—2010Q3我国处于货币供给过剩机制下,在该机制下,央行谨慎地实施从紧货币政策,从紧货币政策对通胀和经济增长的调节效应相对较强。货币供给过剩对通胀和经济增长的冲击在前2年为正值,在随后近3年为负值。这说明我国现阶段适度宽松货币政策的退出必须谨慎,退出速度不宜过快。     

Estimating inflation compensation for Turkey using yield curves

Inflation compensation derived from nominal and real bond yields contains market based, real time information regarding the inflation expectations and the pricing of inflation risks. In this study, we calculate inflation compensation for Turkey by using nominal and real yield curves. The findings of event study analysis on inflation compensation indicate that changes in the term structure of inflation compensation contain information regarding the credibility of monetary authority. Moreover, we find that, at daily frequency, liquidity conditions have no significant effect on inflation compensation and hence the effects of events such as monetary policy decisions and inflation surprises on inflation compensation can be attributed mainly to changes in inflation expectations and pricing of inflation uncertainty.