中国货币政策对资产价格波动反应的模拟分析

利用包含汇率波动和通胀预期的IS-Philips模型推导考虑资产价格的货币政策反应函数。在此基础上,分别以股价和房价作为资产价格的代理变量,模拟分析了资产价格波动对中国经济的影响。研究结果表明:考虑资产价格的货币政策在平抑产出和物价波动方面具有显著作用,但会增大利率波动幅度;考虑房价波动的货币政策比考虑股价波动的货币政策在平抑产出和物价波动方面具有更好的效果;与考虑股价波动的货币政策相比,考虑房价波动的货币政策对利率的冲击更小。     

我国资产价格波动与货币政策选择研究

本文选取2007-2011年的月度数据,以GDP、CPI、房价、股价、货币供应量和利率为内生变量建立了VAR模型并进行了实证分析.实证结果表明,我国资产价格波动对CPI、利率有着极大的冲击,且股价、房价与利率、股价、房价与CPI之间互为格兰杰因果关系,说明资本市场对货币市场的影响显著,同时资产价格与CPI之间的稳定关系说明资产价格包含了未来通货膨胀的信息,因此,本文认为我国央行在制定货币政策时应将资产价格作为重要的内生变量纳入其中.     

流动性过剩、利率期限结构与最优利率规则

本文引入利率期限结构分析了流动性过剩对货币政策传导机制的弱化效应,在此基础上,在基准LRE模型框架内又引入流动性过剩因子,定量给出了流动性过剩约束下的稳健最优利率规则和流动性过剩均衡确定性条件。本文认为,当经济体存在流动性过剩时,最优利率规则体系应当至少包含最优利率规则和流动性管理策略两个方面,相应地,货币政策操作目标也应广义化,包括短期名义利率目标和流动性过剩目标。为实现货币政策目标和流动性过剩目标,中央银行必须采用流动性管理策略保持当期流动性过剩与预期流动性过剩存在相互权衡的关系,同时降低短期名义利率对产出缺口和通胀率的反应系数,并根据预期流动性过剩与当期流动性过剩的比重调整对利率规则与流动性管理策略的依赖程度。     

宏观流动性、资产价格波动与货币政策新框架选择——基于中国房地产市场的实证分析

本文通过构建资金循环流动理论模型,引入流动性螺旋机制,分析宏观流动性与资产价格波动之间的内在逻辑关系,并基于我国2009年四季度-2016年三季度房地产数据进行了实证检验。研究结果表明,宏观流动性变动对房地产价格具有很强的解释能力,房价产价格波动的实质是流动性结构失衡、流动性总量失控和市场情绪失度;研究结论进一步表明流动性螺旋机制影响了房地产市场。根据上述研究结论,对传统货币政策框架中的货币数量方程和菲利普斯曲线进行扩展,建立了货币政策理论新框架,探讨了宏观流动性、资产价格、实体经济之间的关系。新的理论框架表明,资产价格对产出确实有影响,具有明显的挤出效应,货币政策在关注实体经济稳定的同时应该关注资产价格的稳定。     

货币冲击、房地产收益波动与最优货币政策选择

与传统资产定价模型中风险收益权衡关系相悖,我国房地产市场存在投资异象和波动长记忆性特征。文章利用泰勒规则(Taylor Rule)的利率缺口,在剔除市场预期之后测度了中国市场的货币政策冲击,并基于房地产投资回报的时序数据波动聚集性和时变性特征构建GARCH(1,1)-M模型,以此度量我国房地产市场投资收益的波动演变路径,解释了央行实施加息的货币政策后当期房价反而上涨的投资现象。文章还立足于房地产市场参与人的投资特征,从行为金融学的全新研究视角出发,建立包含行为资产定价的动态模型经济系统,研究资产价格波动与最优货币政策选择问题,求得相应闭型解,为实施关注资产价格波动的最优货币政策提供理论基础。     

资产价格波动与货币政策调控

我国以利率为代表的价格型调控工具对资产价格泡沫有显著的正向影响,且股价波动对利率政策的影响程度高于房价。而资产价格波动则对数量型调控工具产生明显的反向冲击,且数量型调控工具对房价泡沫膨胀更为敏感。股市与房市泡沫抑制了实体经济的发展,但却对通货膨胀产生助推作用,这表明我国货币政策通过影响资产价格而作用于实体经济的效用不强,反而加剧了通胀压力。我国货币政策应"关注"而非"盯住"资产价格波动,同时应构建包含资产价格的广义物价指数,构建多层次资本市场并发挥资产价格的辅助监测指标作用,提高货币政策调控的前瞻性及有效性。     

货币政策、资产价格与金融稳定性

传统的货币政策理论认为,中央银行制定货币政策时应严格以通货膨胀为目标,但金融危机的爆发,资本市场的膨胀、资产价格的波动,都不断地冲击货币政策的有效性,并在一定程度上影响金融体系的稳定性,由此引发学术界对货币政策中介目标的探讨。本文以具有变参数特征的动态金融景气指数(DFCI)为工具,考察了DFCI对CPI和金融稳定性的预测作用,在此基础上,扩展前瞻性中央银行利率反应函数,将包含资产价格信息的DFCI纳入反应函数,研究中央银行货币政策行为,并拓展直接以资产价格为操作目标的泰勒准则作比较。实证表明:在扩展形式的前瞻性利率反应函数中,DFCI变量统计显著,包含资产价格的DFCI要比不包含资产价格的DFCI显著,以资产价格作为货币政策目标的利率规则作用效应不完全显著。这说明,DFCI的建立具有合理性,资产价格波动显著地影响货币政策的有效性,严格的通货膨胀目标规则存在不足,中央银行的货币政策行为需要考虑资本市场的变化以及资产价格的波动,但直接将资产价格作为目标的货币政策具有不确定性。     

住房价格、消费与中国货币政策最优选择:基于异质性房价预期的视角

在异质性房价预期和流动性约束条件下,本文构建了包括家庭消费决策、企业生产决策以及中央银行货币政策决策的理论模型。在此基础上,本文采用混合的RBC-VAR方法和1998年1季度至2010年3季度的数据模拟分析了住房价格、消费和货币政策选择之间的关系。结果表明:预期房价上涨的家庭越多,住房价格波动对消费波动的影响越大;贷款价值比越高,住房价格波动对消费波动的放大效应越强,但经验证据并没有支持这种放大效应;盯住住房价格的货币政策获益很少,其在减少产出波动的同时增加了通货膨胀波动。因此,中国人民银行应遏制房价偏离均衡的上涨,尤其是房价上涨预期,但货币政策不宜盯住住房价格。     

收入不确定性、资产配置与货币政策选择

经济不确定性怎样影响中国宏观经济?货币政策如何应对?本文将异质性收入和流动性约束引入标准的新凯恩斯框架,定量研究了收入不确定性的宏观效应及多种货币政策规则的稳定作用。理论分析表明,收入不确定性上升时,家庭会预防性地增持流动性资产,并对生产性风险资本的供给产生挤出效应,最终导致总需求变弱、经济下滑。基于贝叶斯结构估计,本文发现:收入不确定性冲击是产出和投资波动的重要驱动力,因而是理解经济形势不确定下中国经济周期的重要维度。动态分析表明,与数量型规则相比,以利率为工具的价格型规则由于直接影响资本市场价格而具有更好的稳定效果。本文为经济不确定性下的货币政策研究提供了一个新视角。     

股价波动、社会福利与货币政策制定——基于中国DSGE模型的模拟分析

文章构建了一个包含股票市场财富效应和稳态股利水平且反映中国现实特征的DSGE模型,通过扩展的货币政策泰勒规则,考察了面对技术冲击、利率冲击和股票市场冲击时,中央银行应如何制定货币政策以保持产出、价格和股票市场的稳定,并尽可能地降低社会福利损失.结果表明,货币政策考虑股价波动能够有效降低社会福利损失;中央银行存在多重调控目标时需要注意区分冲击的类型来相机抉择,在利率冲击下,货币政策应当对股价波动做出反应,而在技术冲击和股票市场冲击下,则需要在各个经济变量之间进行权衡.     

Financial crises and liquidity shocks a bank-run perspective

In contrast with the financial multiplier literature, this note explores a case in which the shock triggering a financial crisis stems from the financial sector itself; it is not a shock stemming from the real sector which gets amplified by, say, agency problems. The basic intuition is provided by the bank-run literature of the Diamond and Dybvig (1983) variety. Financial development is modeled as a mechanism that endows real assets (e.g., land and capital) with liquidity. However, liquidity can be impaired by shocks that are equivalent to a bank run. Liquidity creation enhances real asset prices, while a liquidity crunch generates asset price collapse. This bubble-looking episode is not driven by standard fundamentals, although it is fully in line with rationality. In this context, devoid of other frictions like price stickiness, the note examines the effect of monetary policy in the absence of nominal rigidities. It shows that preventing price deflation is not enough to offset relative (to output) asset price meltdown, but lower policy interest rates increase relative asset prices and steady-state output. Moreover, in the neighborhood of a first-best capital allocation, an increase in the liquidity of capital may lower the welfare of the representative individual, even if the higher liquidity of capital is sustainable and, hence, not destroyed by future crash – illustrating the possibility of “excessive” financial innovation. An extension of the basic model supports the conjecture that low policy interest rates may have given further incentives to the development of “shadow banking.”     

货币流动性对中国资产市场的冲击效应研究——来自1997—2010年的经验证据

金融危机后,中国实施了积极的财政政策和适度宽松的货币政策,虽然经济实现了快速复苏,但资产价格上涨的压力也再度显现。实证研究结果表明,货币流动性与我国资产价格之间存在单向的格兰杰因果关系,脉冲响应函数结果也显示,流动性过剩后一般会出现资产价格上涨,尤以房地产市场和股票市场的脉冲响应较为明显,债券市场的脉冲响应相对不太显著。     

OPTIMAL MONETARY POLICY AND ASSET PRICE MISALIGNMENTS

This paper analyses the relationship between monetary policy and asset prices in the context of optimal policy rules. The transmission mechanism is represented by a linearized rational expectations model augmented for the effect of asset prices on aggregate demand. Stabilization objectives are represented by a discounted quadratic loss function penalizing inflation and output gap volatility. Asset prices are allowed to deviate from their intrinsic value due to momentum trading. We find that in the presence of wealth effects and inefficient markets, asset price misalignments from their fundamentals should be included in the optimal interest rate reaction function.     

Monetary policy and asset prices

The purpose of this paper is study the effect of monetary policy on asset prices. We study the properties of a monetary model in which a real asset is valued for its rate of return and for its liquidity. We show that money is essential if and only if real assets are scarce, in the precise sense that their supply is not sufficient to satisfy the demand for liquidity. Our model generates a clear connection between asset prices and monetary policy. When money grows at a higher rate, inflation is higher and the return on money decreases. In equilibrium, no arbitrage amounts to equating the real return of both objects. Therefore, the price of the asset increases in order to lower its real return. This negative relationship between inflation and asset returns is in the spirit of research in finance initiated in the early 1980s.     

Impact of asset price fluctuation on China’s monetary policy: An empirical analysis based on quarterly data, 1994–2006

The strenuous fluctuation in global asset price in recent years has had a profound impact on the economic and social development of every country. An empirical analysis indicates that asset prices (the stock price index and real estate prices) are important endogenous variables affecting the interest rate reaction function of central bank monetary policy. With expected inflation as a given, each one percentage point rise in output gap will cause a 0.79 percentage point reduction in interest rates by the central bank and each one percentage point rise in real estate price will result in a 2.2 percentage point rise in interest rates. The stock price index does have an influence on the trends in monetary policy, but it is less salient than the impact of housing prices. We also show that monetary policy that employs asset price as an endogenous variable increases the central bank’s control in seeking to attain its objectives. Therefore we suggest that the central bank should make asset price fluctuation an endogenous variable and incorporate it into its forward-looking interest rate rule, in order to facilitate the healthy development of China’s markets for real estate, stocks and derivatives, energy and bulk commodities and maintain rapid, smooth, sustainable and harmonious economic development.     

Measuring the effects of monetary policy in Pakistan: a factor-augmented vector autoregressive approach

This paper examines the effects of monetary policy on macroeconomic variables in Pakistan’s economy using a data-rich environment. We used the factor-augmented vector autoregressive (FAVAR) methodology, which contains 115 monthly variables for the period 1992:01 to 2010:12. We compared the results of VAR and FAVAR model and the results showed that FAVAR model explains the effects of monetary policy which are consistent with the theory and better than the VAR model. VAR model shows the existence of price puzzle and liquidity puzzle in Pakistan while FAVAR model did not provide any evidence of puzzles. Interest rate negatively influences prices, hence interest rate is a good instrument for controlling inflation in Pakistan but it takes a lag of 5 months. The transmission of monetary policy shock is faster in case of prices as compared to output in Pakistan. FAVAR model supports the effectiveness of interest rate channel in Pakistan.     

Inflation bias and markup shocks in a LAMP model with strategic interaction of monetary and fiscal policy

This paper investigates the effects generated by limited asset market participation on optimal monetary and fiscal policy, where monetary and fiscal authorities are independent and play strategically. It shows that: (i) both the long run and the short run equilibrium require a departure from zero inflation rate; (ii) in response to a markup shock, fiscal policy becomes more aggressive as the fraction of liquidity constrained agents increases and price stability is no longer optimal even under Ramsey; (iii) overall, optimal discretionary policies imply welfare losses for Ricardians, while liquidity constrained consumers experience welfare gains with respect to Ramsey.     

Liquidity and Twin Crises

This paper proposes a simple analytical framework for understanding 'twin crises'– i.e. crises where a currency crisis and banking crisis occur simultaneously and reinforce each other. The distinguishing feature of such crises is the spill‐over effects across financial institutions through collateral constraints, declines in market values of assets, currency mismatches on the balance sheet and the endogenous amplification of financial distress through asset sales. We explore the role of liquidity and the role of monetary policy in such crises. In particular, a central question is whether raising interest rates in the face of a twin crisis is the appropriate policy response. Raising interest rates has two countervailing effects. Holding the domestic currency becomes more attractive (other things being equal), but the value of the domestic banking system falls due to the fall in asset prices. When assets are marked to market, there is a potential for endogenously generated financial distress that leads to a collapse of asset prices, as well as the exchange rate. It is thus possible that raising interest rates can have the perverse effect of exacerbating both the currency crisis and the banking crisis.     

Stochastic and structural fiscal policy in a monetary stationary economy

In the framework of a monetary asset pricing model which is simple enough to generate closed form formulae for equilibrium price functions the interactions between output, fiscal policy, and asset markets is investigated. With money yielding liquidity services in the exchange process real stock prices are negatively correlated with anticipated (stochastic) fiscal policy changes, while the impact of unanticipated (structural) fiscal policy on the stock market depends qualitatively on the ‘business cycle’ of the economy. It is shown that the monetary character of the economy, more precisely the role of money in the exchange process, is critical for the relationship between fiscal policy and real share prices. Moreover, while contingent fiscal policy measures may be successful in stabilizing the real interest rate on money they are incapable of achieving a stable term structure of the real rate on stocks. In contrast, uncontingently higher public expenditures generally promote the volatility of the real rates on financial assets.     

Monetary policy and exchange rate dynamics in the Spanish economy

As the Spanish economy gets more integrated in international markets, the real exchange rate becomes a key determinant of the monetary transmission. In this paper we trace out the dynamic response of prices, output and the exchange rate following a monetary policy shock. We estimate a structural VAR model whose identification scheme is based on the long run properties common to a large class of models. The results suggest that a small model with efficient asset markets plus nominal inertia and long run monetary neutrality, captures the essential features of the monetary transmission mechanism in Spain. The interest rate shock is well identified and the exchange rate overshoots its long run value. There are no signs of liquidity puzzle nor of price puzzle or exchange rate puzzle either.