商业银行流动性过剩的风险及对策浅析

近几年,流动性过剩已成为困扰我国经济稳定发展的突出问题,而又主要体现在商业银行体系。随着我国流动性过剩问题的日益严重,流动性过剩对商业银行的负面影响越来越大,它加剧了信贷市场过度竞争,加大了信贷风险和利率风险,导致银行经营效益受损,甚至影响我国经济的正常发展。因此,合理改变银行经营策略,降低流动性过剩带来的风险,已经势在必行。     

银行流动性过剩的行为金融学分析

进入新世纪以来,我国银行体系的流动性发生了较大变化,出现了所谓的流动性过剩。本文从银行存贷差背离、流动性比率下降、超额准备金过高、利率倒挂方面总结了目前的流动性过剩问题,进而运用行为金融学相关理论对目前的流动性过剩困境进行了剖析,在分析了其对当前金融体系不良影响的基础上有针对性地提出了扭转流动性过剩的对策建议。     

银行体系流动性发展趋势分析

银行体系流动性过剩是近年来我国经济发展中凸现出来的经济现象。在基于国际收支、金融脱媒、货币流通速度三个角度基础上,本文对我国银行体系流动性发展趋势做了分析。由于国际收支“双顺差”持续,经济发展中的资金融通仍主要通过银行体系来进行,货币流通速度加快,银行体系流动性过剩在未来一段时间成为我国经济发展中的常态。     

诊脉银行体系流动性过剩

本世纪初以来,中国经济和金融运行的基本特点之一就是流动性过剩。今年"两会"期间,温家宝总理在《政府工作报告》中指出"银行资金流动性过剩问题突出,引发投资增长过快、信贷投放过多的因素仍然存在"。并明确提出2007年要"继续实行稳健的货币政策。综合运用多种货币政策工具,合理调控货币信贷总量,有效缓解银行资金流动性过剩问题"。银行体系的流动性问题受到了广泛关注,应该说,流动性过剩是全球经济格局及我国所处特殊发展阶段下的自然结果。本刊邀请三位分别来自央行、国有商业银行、学术界的嘉宾共同诊脉银行体系流动性过剩的现状及影响,探讨这种过剩的成因及解决之策。     

流动性过剩与商业银行抉择

流动性过剩是当前我国宏观经济金融运行中面临的一个突出问题,近期的美国次级贷款危机也再次为人们关注流动性风险问题敲响了警种。商业银行必须"多管齐下"来应对流动性过剩对其造成的不利影响:加快改革、改善经营管理、提升核心竞争力,这是应对流动性过剩不利影响的根本所在;充分利用银行体系流动性过剩的契机,进行经营战略调整,促进经营管理模式和业务增长模式由规模扩张型向资源效益提高型的根本转变。     

银行流动性过剩的现状、成因及对货币政策有效性的影响

近两年,我国银行流动性过剩导致的各种金融问题愈加严重,影响了中央银行货币政策的有效性.本文从商业银行流动性过剩的表象入手,分析了流动性过剩的原因,并从货币政策工具对流动性过剩的影响和银行流动性对货币政策传导机制影响两个方面阐述流动性过剩与货币政策有效性之间的关系.最后提出了一些缓解流动性过剩、提高货币政策有效性的对策.     

对银行体系流动性需求变动与央行政策工具实施有效性的实证研究

近几年来,随着国内外宏观经济金融形势的剧烈变化,尤其是受全球金融危机冲击的影响,我国银行体系的流动性也呈现较大的波动性,但银行流动性过剩的总体格局仍然没有改变。如何有效解决银行流动性问题,疏通货币政策传导机制,进而提高货币政策有效性,是央行亟待解决的重大课题。本文以湖北宜昌市为样本,对我国银行体系流动性需求变动的特点、央行政策工具的实施效应,以及央行流动性调控的局限性和有效性进行了实证分析,并就当前加强对银行体系流动性监测与调控提出了若干对策建议。     

国库资金变化对银行体系流动性影响的实证研究——以广西为视角

造成当前我国银行体系流动性过剩的因素很多,本文以广西为实证,从研究国库资金的运行规律出发,分析国库资金影响银行流动性的机制以及对中央银行货币政策效应的影响,最后提出财政政策和货币政策应协调搭配以缓解我国流动性的问题。     

流动性过剩的区域差异及其启示

就宏观和整体而言,近两年,我国流动性过剩问题已基本形成共识.但就区域和流动性类别而言,流动性过剩问题却存在着明显的不平衡性,有必要对货币流动性与银行体系流动性的不一致性进行区域分析,以便在货币当局的流动性管理中有所区别,实现流动性过剩的破解与促进经济健康发展的同步进行.     

银行流动性过剩的现状、成因及对货币政策有效性的影响

近两年来,我国银行的流动性过剩极大地影响了中央银行货币政策的有效性.本文分析了流动性过剩的原因.从货币政策工具对流动性过剩的影响和银行流动性对货币政策传导机制影响两个方面阐述流动性过剩与货币政策有效性之间的关系,并提出了缓解流动性过剩,提高货币政策有效性的对策.     

Observations on the UK Banking Industry

The UK Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, Dr. Vince Cable, MP, speaks about the problems and issues of the UK banking industry. The lack of attention given to banking in economics is criticised. The excessive size and concentration of UK banking are pointed out. Solutions are being pondered. The secretary of state speaks about changes and the way forward in the UK banking sector, pointing out increased competition due to new challenger banks and institutions, government policy initiatives, and the re-creation of relationship banking via initiatives to create local, community banks.     

The impact of the banking sector on economic structure and growth

In this paper, we study the impact of banking sector development on changes in economic structure and growth. We argue that banking sector development has differential effects on industrial sector development and agricultural sector development. We test whether economic structure and growth foster banking sector development. To test our hypotheses, we construct a panel sample of all countries in the world during 1960–2016. We find that banking sector development has a negative effect on agricultural sector development but exerts no effect on industrial sector development. The negative effect of banking sector development on agricultural sector development is only observed for countries with high degrees of banking sector development. Our results further show that agricultural sector development exerts a negative effect on banking sector development while industrial sector development has a positive effect on banking sector development.     

Competition among Financial Intermediaries When Diversification Matters

Many models predict that the diversification and efficiency of financial intermediaries (“banks”) increases with their size, so that a relatively unrestricted banking sector will settle into an equilibrium with several large, well-diversified, and competitive banks. However, this prediction is at odds with the actual pattern of unrestricted banking sector evolution in many countries. I develop a model that motivates this actual pattern and examine the model's implications for regulatory policy. I show that an investor's return from a bank depends on the number of investors using that bank; this adoption externality makes investor beliefs about other investors' actions critical for bank competition. In a young banking system with free entry, coordination problems lead to excessive fragmentation, and debt overhang makes it difficult for small banks to capture additional market share. As the system matures, many banks fail, and the survivors become the focus of investor beliefs; these incumbents gain a strong advantage over entrants, facilitating collusion. Entry restrictions reduce fragmentation but aid collusion, while government insurance for investors reduces incumbency advantage and collusion but may cause excessive fragmentation. Thus, regulators may wish to impose temporary entry restrictions, along with partial insurance. These results are consistent with historical evidence from several countries.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: G21, G22, L13.     

Does interest rate and its volatility affect banking sector development? Empirical evidence from emerging market economies

This study investigates the relationship between interest rate, interest rate volatility, and banking sector development in 12 emerging market economies located around the world. For this purpose, panel data analysis was conducted using annual data from 1980 to 2014. In parallel to the financial development literature, which asserts that banking sector development, as a broad and complex concept, cannot be measured by a single indicator, this study adopts a set of measures of banking sector development. The empirical results reveal that while interest rate has a positive impact on all banking sector indicators, this relationship weakens at higher interest levels, showing a concave relationship between interest rate and banking sector development. In addition, the empirical results provide evidence that interest rate fluctuations have a negative impact on most banking sector development (BSD) indicators, suggesting that the banking sectors of emerging countries are vulnerable to interest rate risks. Furthermore, all measures of the banking sector indicators are positively affected by economic growth rates, while this association weakens at higher levels of income, confirming a nonlinear relationship. Thus, the results have important implications for policymakers in improving the banking system and promoting the economic growth of these emerging economies.     

The impact of banking sector stability on the real economy

This article studies the relationship between the degree of banking sector stability and the subsequent evolution of real output growth and inflation. Adopting a panel VAR methodology for a sample of 18 OECD countries, we find a positive link between banking sector stability and real output growth. This finding is predominantly driven by periods of instability rather than by very stable periods. In addition, we show that an unstable banking sector increases uncertainty about future output growth. No clear link between banking sector stability and inflation seems to exist. We then argue that the link between banking stability and real output growth can be used to improve output growth forecasts. Using Fed forecast errors, we show that banking sector stability (instability) results in a significant underestimation (overestimation) of GDP growth in the subsequent quarters.     

银行危机与改革：以俄罗斯为例

俄罗斯银行部门在其十几年的发展历程中屡受危机困扰,严重时整个银行体系都受到撼动.但是在1998年大危机后,经过政府和中央银行的重大制度调整,国家宏观经济发展态势良好,银行部门迅速摆脱了困境.作为俄经济中充满朝气、良性发展和具有广阔前景的行业,目前俄罗斯银行已成为外国资本关注和积极参与的投资领域.     

Financial Exposure and the International Transmission of Financial Shocks

This paper analyzes the transmission mechanism of banking sector shocks in an international real business cycle model with heterogeneous bank sizes. We examine to what extent the financial exposure of the banking sector affects the transmission of foreign banking sector shocks. In our model, the more exposed domestic banks are to the foreign economy via lending to foreign firms, the greater are the spillovers from foreign financial shocks to the home economy. The model highlights the role of openness to trade and the dynamics of the terms of trade in the international transmission mechanism of banking sector shocks: spillovers from foreign banking sector shocks are greater the more open the home economy is to trade and the less the terms of trade respond to foreign shocks.     

Correlation and spillover effects between the US and international banking sectors: New evidence and implications for risk management

This paper quantitatively examines return transmission and volatility spillovers between banking sector stocks in the US and eight other countries by applying our newly extended VAR-DCC-MEGARCH-M model with asymmetric spillovers and Student-t or skew-t errors. Our investigations clarify almost unidirectional stock return transmission from the US banking sector to all other eight international banking sectors. In addition, we also uncover bidirectional volatility spillovers between the US and other eight international banking sector stocks, which are all tied to the leverage effect. Moreover, using the dynamic conditional variances and covariances from our extended model, we derive the time-varying optimal hedge ratios and optimal portfolio weights. These analyses reveal that, except for such extraordinary periods as during financial crises, we can hedge the US banking sector stocks with other international banking sector stocks, and that well-balanced portfolios of the US and other banking sector stocks are optimal. Furthermore, additional analysis using gold, silver, and platinum futures reveals that we can hedge international banking sector stocks with precious metal futures highly effectively, and that well-balanced portfolios of banking stocks and precious metals are optimal. Based on the results from our analyses, this paper derives many significant interpretations and implications for financial and systemic risk management.     

State contingent banking and asset price bubbles: The case of Islamic banking industry

This paper examines how state contingent banking can help neutralize challenges like debt overhang and lack of optimal risk takings, problems associated with conventional banking that can eventually manifest in the creation of asset price bubbles and a financial crisis. Our analysis also contributes to the literature on Islamic banking which considers state contingent contracts as ideal from a religious perspective. We develop a model of banking with state contingent contracts on the liability and asset sides. Our model shows that in state contingent banking, the returns for the depositors, bank and the borrowers are more aligned with the real economy, which reduces the incentive for excessive borrowing, lending and investing. Our model also shows that with the state contingent banking on the liability side, during periods of heightened macroeconomic risk, depositors' payoff would be more volatile reducing the liquidity influx from the real economy to the banking sector. This neutralizes the pressure on state contingent banks to excessively lend on the asset side. Our model further demonstrates that state contingent contracts on the asset side can help avoid too much (or too little) lending by reducing the managerial discretion in charging low (or high) interest rates. With returns linked to the prices of the underlying assets, state contingent contracts may prevent lack of optimal risk taking.     

Securities class actions in the US banking sector: Between investor protection and bank stability

This paper investigates whether securities class actions (SCAs) can play a role in banking supervision, both as a warning signal of insolvency and as an instrument of market discipline to encourage bank managers to carefully evaluate risk. Two groups of US banks are compared over the 2000–2008 period. One includes banks that have faced at least one SCA, while the other is composed of non-targeted banks (control group). Results indicate that collective private litigation procedures are more frequently directed at financially fragile intermediaries exhibiting inadequate governance standards. Furthermore, banks which have been subjected to SCAs are likely to reduce their excessive risk positions. This supports the idea that SCAs could be efficiently employed as a complement to public supervisory activity in the banking sector.