外商直接投资的吸收能力：理论及中国的实证研究

本文主要探讨外商直接投资对东道国经济增长的作用传导机制。本文首先对近年来外商直接投资的技术外溢效应及东道国对FDI吸收能力的国内外研究进展做了回顾。同时，对中国外商直接投资吸收能力的实证检验结果表明，在影响我国外商直接投资的众多因素中，人力资本存量起到至关重要的作用。     

跨国公司进入策略及东道国福利分析

跨国公司选定一个投资目标国后，有若干个可供选择的进入策略。本文概括分析了三种进入策略：直接投资，合资和排他性许可，以及这些方式给跨国公司带来的投资利润和对东道国福利的影响。我们的分析表明，在东道国政府不加限制的情况下，较低的进入成本，跨国公司较大的成本优势，东道国较大的市场容量以及较高的贴现率水平都会促使跨国公司选择FDI作为其最优的进入策略。反之，许可方式会给跨国公司带来最大的投资利润。然而，在适当的所有权安排下，合资方式会给东道国带来最大的社会福利。     

跨国公司制造业R&D投资国别选择的实证研究——以美国跨国公司为例

本文以美国跨国公司为例,对跨国公司制造业海外R&D投资国别选择的影响因子进行了实证研究。结果表明,从世界范围看,跨国公司在东道国的FDI和东道国市场规模是影响跨国公司R&D投资的主要因子;仅就发展中国家而言,东道国市场规模并不影响跨国公司R&D投资;跨国公司的产业类别不同,其R&D投资国别选择的影响因子亦有差异。     

FDI对发展中国家欠发达地区经济增长研究浅析——以中国西部地区为例

自20世纪90年代以来,国际直接投资(FDI)发展迅速,已经大大超过国际商品贸易的增长速度.FDI作为一种集资本、技术、管理于一体的复合性资源,极大的促进了全球经济的增长.但是部分东道国或东道国的部分地区由于存在自身技术吸收能力不足、相关制度的不完善等诸多因素,发展中国家的欠发达地区未能充分利用FDI促进自身的进步.因此,本文通过对中国西部地区的实证研究分析,为各发展中国家的欠发达地区,以及中国的西部地区如何更好地应对FDI带来的机遇与挑战,提出了针对性的政策建议,推导出欠发达地区应该如何选择最优的FDI进入方式以求最优的经济增长.     

跨国公司制造业 R&D 投资国别选择的实证研究——以美国跨国公司为例

本文以美国跨国公司为例,对跨国公司制造业海外R&D投资国别选择的影响因子进行了实证研究.结果表明,从世界范围看,跨国公司在东道国的FDI和东道国市场规模是影响跨国公司R&D投资的主要因子;仅就发展中国家而言,东道国市场规模并不影响跨国公司R&D投资;跨国公司的产业类别不同,其R&D投资国别选择的影响因子亦有差异.     

跨国公司FDI与东道国外资政策演变

东道国对跨国公司FDI的促进政策大致经历了三代：第一代以向跨国公司提供激励性措施为主；第二代注重FDI规制框架的自由化变革；第三代强调当地企业与跨国公司之间的关联，并以此带动国内经济的发展。本文对东道国外资政策的竞争与演变及其对跨国公司区位选择的影响进行了分析，最后提出了促进东道国与FDI关联的意义和政策措施。     

知识产权保护、东道国特征与外商直接投资:一个跨国的经验研究

经济理论表明,加强知识产权保护强化了区位优势,使得跨国公司的所有权优势和内部化优势更加巩固,从而促使跨国公司以FDI方式代替出口贸易。但过强的知识产权保护又会降低跨国公司内部化的必要性,从而导致跨国公司以技术许可方式代替FDI。因此理论上,知识产权保护对FDI的影响是不确定的。为此,本文利用1976～2000年60个发展中国家的面板数据考察了知识产权保护对发展中国家FDI的影响。研究结果显示:加强知识产权保护对发展中国家FDI的影响受到经济发展水平、市场规模、吸收能力、开放政策、关税政策和制度质量等东道国特征的制约。知识产权保护对FDI的影响存在显著的行业特征:对于那些技术含量低或不易模仿的行业如劳动密集型和资本密集型行业,东道国知识产权保护强度对FDI的影响不显著;而对于那些技术含量高或较易模仿的行业如技术密集型行业,知识产权保护强度对FDI的影响非常显著。     

跨国公司市场进入模式选择及东道国政策干预的经济学分析

跨国公司可以通过FDI进入东道国市场。在大多数研究文献中,对于FDI这种市场进入模式是不加区分的,也就是不区分新设投资和跨国并购。本文研究了跨国公司对这两种模式选择的规律,分析了跨国公司市场进入模式选择与东道国福利存在的冲突性,并通过分析寡头市场以及垄断型市场下的差异,予政府的政策干预提供了合理的依据。     

东道国外资规制政策互动与跨国公司对外直接投资

鉴于传统主流对外直接投资理论忽视了国家分析视角的重要价值,不少学者开始侧重从宏观实证角度来分析FDI对一国产业、贸易、市场结构与经济发展的影响。但从微观上看,FDI不仅是一种跨国的资本投放方式,更是一种包含资本、技术、管理等国际经营活动要素在内的“打包型复合产品”,其对东道国的经济影响是多渠道和多重性质的。在存在溢出效应、信息不对称和政策俘获情况下,文章使用新政治经济学的政府规制分析框架分析了跨国公司在多个东道国之间配置其投资预算时,东道国外资规制政策国际协调对跨国公司对外直接投资行为所产生的影响。     

探讨金融市场发展对提升外商直接投资质量的作用

外商直接投资通过溢出效应可以促进东道国经济的持续增长,但这种促进作用的实现受到东道国"吸收能力"的影响。金融市场发展是提升吸收能力的一个重要因素。实证研究表明,金融市场信贷规模的扩大以及两者间的交互作用,有助于增强FDI对经济增长的促进作用。不过,目前我国由金融市场发展而决定的FDI溢出效应尚不明显,为此,本文提出了如何推动国内金融市场发展提升FDI质量的相关政策建议。     

Multinational corporations and domestic market structure: The case of Greek manufacturing industries

Conclusions In this paper we examined the potential of MNCs to give rise or to promote concentrated markets in a host country. Foreign presence in the form of MNCs affectsdirectly the market structure of the economy by in-creasing both the relative inequalities in the size distributions of firms (entropy) and the level of absolute concentration (Herfindahl-CR4). MNCs tend to populate capital intensive sectors and may also account for a potentialindirect stimulation on the concentration process through their effects on domestic barriers to entry. Industries characterised by such horizontal FDI are likely to be able to earn and maintain supra-normal profits in the domestic market. However, the effective curb of competition caused by MNCs did not show uneven distribution of gains in profitability to be present in the market for a sample of 100 large MNCs and local firms. We should suggest that concentration and other market imperfections may be the basic factor determining profitability in Greece,not multinationality per se. Moreover, the potential indirect influence of MNCs on domestic barriers may act as an agent for promoting structural changes, especially in the capital intensive sector.     

跨国公司国际研发的新趋势与发展中国家的对策

跨国公司作为全球经济的发动机，依然是国际研发的主体。但是，随着经济全球化的不断深入发展，跨国公司的国际研发也出现了新的发展趋势，跨国公司在发展中国家的研发投入日益增加，给发展中国家带来了机遇和挑战。本文认为，发展中国家在积极吸引跨国公司研发投资的同时，应该趋利避害，发展本国的经济。     

治理结构与FDl股权进入模式研究述评

公司治理与跨国经营战略交叉点日益成为研究的热点话题。本文首先全面梳理了国内外学者关于FDI进入模式早期理论和实证研究文献,然后总结了近年来涌现的从母公司治理结构的微观视角以及东道国治理环境的宏观视角的研究,并在最后对治理结构与FDI进入模式研究未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Mode of Entry and the Regional Distribution of Foreign Direct Investment in China

In this paper we re-examine the regional determinants of FDI in China using both total FDI flows, and FDI flows disaggregated by entry mode. Building on both the FDI location and entry mode choice literatures, we argue for the existence of mode-specific location advantages, and test for their existence. We first specify and estimate a location model of aggregate FDI flows to Chinese regions. Using the aggregate model as a benchmark, we then estimate separate equations for each of three different entry modes (wholly-owned subsidiaries, equity joint ventures and cooperative joint ventures), and compare the results with the aggregate model. The results indicate that mode-specific location advantages do exist, at least within China, but they are limited to a small number of factors. In particular, we identify the accumulated stock of FDI as being more likely to attract high control modes of entry, while existing policies to attract FDI are more likely to attract lower control modes of entry.     

基于SCP范式下在华跨国公司社会责任弱化分析——产业组织及战略博弈视角

跨国公司价值链在全球的拓展,一方面有利于拉动发展中国家的经济,进而促进全球经济的攀升,另一方面也给发展中国家带来一些不利的影响。文章以在华跨国公司的社会责任弱化现象为分析对象,在回顾国内外相关研究的基础上,利用产业组织理论中SCP范式和博弈论的相关知识对这种现象进行了解释,认为这种现象并非偶然,而是根源于经济发展不平衡,在地方政府保护主义下,国内相关行业市场结构被扭曲割裂,与此同时在华跨国公司在与国内相关利益群体博弈中占据优势地位,势必形成在华企业的双重社会责任标准行为。     

MNCs and Sustainable Business Practice: The Case of the Colombian and Peruvian Petroleum Industries

Multinational corporations (MNCs) play an increasingly important role in the economic development strategies of many less developed countries (LDCs). At the same time the sustainable development of LDCs requires economic growth to be accompanied by environmental protection and greater social equity. This paper contributes to the literature concerned with MNCs' contribution to the sustainable development of LDCs. The concept of sustainable business practice (SBP) is proposed as relevant to understanding MNCs' contribution, and an analytical framework incorporating the content, context, and process of SBP is used to examine what SBP might consist of, as well as those conditions important for its widespread adoption. Results from a study examining the Colombian and Peruvian petroleum industries show that despite important contributions by MNCs to sustainable development, SBP is not yet widespread. The study also shows the importance of external institutional pressures—principally in the form of local legislation—for MNCs' contribution to the sustainable development of LDCs. Finally the paper shows how the process of change toward more SBP is closely linked to the external context in which MNCs operate, the characteristics of their internal context, and the internal and external processes linking these contexts.     

Outward investment, employment, and wages in Swedish multinationals

Examining detailed data for the home-country operations in Swedishmultinationals during the period 1986-94, this paper shows thatthere are signs of very notable structural changes in the home-countryoperations of these corporations. It also shows that the effectsvary according to economic conditions in the home country. Inthe 1980s, when the Swedish economy was characterized by hightaxes, high inflation rates, and a tight labour market, relativelyattractive jobs within the multinational corporations (MNCs)were relocated from Swedish plants to foreign affiliates. Inthe 1990s, by contrast, when the financial crisis had necessitateda host of micro- and macroeconomic reforms, the location decisionof the MNCs were more favourable for the Swedish economy. Newjobs created by the multinationals were found in activitieswith high productivity and wages. Thus, home-country effectsof foreign direct investment seem, to a large extent, to bedetermined by the home countries' economic environment.     

社会主义市场经济下的国有企业改革

本文主要研究社会主义市场经济下的国有企业改革。社会主义本质上要求公平才能实现最终共同富裕,市场经济要求注重效率才能使生产力获得极大发展。因此,可以把社会主义市场经济理解为社会公平和市场效率两者并重的一种经济体制。国有企业就必须在社会主义市场经济这个环境下把改革推向一个新的阶段。     

The economic policy uncertainty and the choice of entry mode of outward foreign direct investment: Cross-border M&A or Greenfield Investment

The paper investigates the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the choice of entry mode of enterprises' Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI). Based on a framework of heterogeneous enterprises, this paper first theoretically investigates the impact mechanism. The theoretical predictions are then empirically tested using rich micro-level data of Chinese enterprises from 2000 to 2013. The empirical results show that economic policy uncertainty has a significant effect on the entry mode choice of Chinese OFDI. Specifically, when the economic policy uncertainty decreases, enterprises choose Cross-border mergers and acquisitions mode with higher propensity than the Greenfield investments mode of OFDI. Further analysis indicates that the impact is heterogeneous based on ownership type, region, factor intensity, productivity level, financing abilities, and host country development level. Statistical robustness checks strengthen our findings. Our study has implications for researchers and government policymakers, especially in developing economies similar to China. The results could help device policies that encourage enterprises to choose a specific mode of ODFI. The study also provides novel insights for Chinese enterprises to "go out" and the Chinese economy to realize high-quality development.     

从马克思利润平均化理论看当前的贫富差距问题

平均利润率理论是马克思主义政治经济学的重要理论之一,也是市场经济的普遍规律。利润率的平均化在一定程度上,对实现社会公平会起到积极作用。我国经济转型时期,行业间利润率的极大差距对社会分配公平公正产生重要影响,成为产生贫富差距的一个重要原因。要促进社会公平和缩小收入差距,必须努力完善市场经济体制,推进利润率的平均化。