中国居民收入差异和消费水平的关系研究

本文是在西方经济学消费理论的框架内,着重分析和研究了一个经济体中居民收入差异和该经济体消费水平的相关性。本文与其他相关研究虽然在结论上一致,但研究方法不同:在此之前的研究都是借用凯恩斯的"边际消费倾向递减"规律来定性说明居民收入差异和消费水平之间存在负相关关系,而本文则建立了一个同时含有收入差异和消费水平的消费模型,并通过对该模型的数学分析来论证二者之间的负相关性。     

Elastic attention,risk sharing,and international comovements

In this paper we examine the effects of elastic information-processing capacity (or elastic attention) proposed in Sims (2010) on international consumption and income correlations in a tractable small open economy (SOE) model with exogenous income processes. We find that in the presence of capital mobility in financial markets, elastic attention due to a fixed information-processing cost lowers the international consumption correlations by generating heterogeneous consumption adjustments to income shocks across countries facing different macroeconomic uncertainty. In addition, we show that elastic attention can improve the model’s predictions for the other key moments of the joint dynamics of consumption and income.     

What went wrong with the Hungarian consumption function? An econometric investigation of the time series aggregate consumption function for Hungary for 1960–1989

The paper focuses on the time series aggregate consumption function for the Hungarian economy. The empirical econometric analysis presented produces several new results. First, it shows that the income and consumption variables used in this type of model by previous studies are I(2) variables. Consequently, error correction models formulated in terms of their first differences are mis-specified. Second, it provides a strong empirical evidence supporting the view that consumption (and thus saving) was (real) interest rate elastic during the period under investigation, having impact both on the long run and on the short relationships between income and consumption. Third, it provides empirical evidence on choosing the proper income variable in the consumption function. The model selection results clearly supports the model with unadjusted total real money income variable. Fourth, it shows that for the period 1960–1986 a correctly specified and stable error correction model can be established. Finally, the analysis shows that when used for the period beyond 1986, this model suffers from a structural break.     

我国农村居民消费与收入关系实证分析

近年来,由于城市居民消费水平已经达到了一定的高度,增长相对放缓,而农村居民收入增长缓慢,导致消费持续低迷,这已经成为制约我国进一步扩大内需保证国民经济持续、快速、协调、健康发展的重要因素。利用1990年至2007年消费收入数据建立模型,从而得到上期收入、上期消费以及本期收入对本期消费的影响,并对近几年农村消费增长率的变化进行原因分析,同时提出刺激消费增加收入的可行性建议。     

Agricultural Trade Liberalization in a Computable General Equilibrium Framework for the Philippines

A bi-regional and multi-market computable general equilibrium model that focuses on the agricultural sector of the Philippines' economy in 1987 is constructed. This paper presents the basic structure of the model and carries out some cost-benefit analyses to assess the impact of alternative trade reform policies on the economy. It is found that various liberalization policies can produce large benefits, but any single policy implemented separately may incur intolerable costs. However, a combination of trade liberalization and currency devaluation, coupled with target income support and income tax reform, can achieve balanced results that are beneficial to the economy without worsening income distribution and food consumption of the poor.     

中国农村金融集聚对农民消费影响的空间效应研究

研究目标:从空间维度考察农村金融集聚对农民消费的影响。研究方法:利用2009～2018年30个省份和四大区域的面板数据,构建空间杜宾模型,估计金融集聚的空间效应,即特定地区农民消费如何关联于本地区和邻近地区的金融集聚。研究发现:在全国省级层面上,农民消费不仅受本省农村金融集聚的显著影响,同时还受到邻近省份空间溢出的显著影响。分区域检验显示,一方面,东部和东北部地区农民消费受到域内金融集聚的影响显著,而中、西部地区则不显著。这一区域差异与农民收入对农民消费的影响具有一致性,但农民收入影响更大。另一方面,中部、西部和东北地区的农民消费受邻近区域金融集聚溢出效应的影响显著,但东部地区则不显著。研究表明,一是农村金融发展对农民消费具有重要影响,二是农民收入过低会弱化金融发展对消费促进效应,增加农民收入是提升消费的根本;三是加强落后地区与发达地区金融合作有利于实现共赢。研究创新:将空间效应引入农村金融集聚对农民消费影响的研究,探究了该影响的空间特征及关联性。研究价值:对农村金融集聚的消费促进效应做出了更全面的评价,为发挥农村金融促进农民消费的政策制定和实施提供抓手。     

What drives equity market non-participation?

This paper produces endogenous equity market non-participation in an economy with uninsurable labor income risk and heterogeneous skill levels. Prudence and impatience generate stationary household wealth levels that depend on income. Skill, and therefore labor income, heterogeneity leads to wealth heterogeneity, with high skill households accumulating high wealth and low skill households accumulating low wealth. A HARA class utility with subsistence consumption requirement generates decreasing RRA with respect to household wealth. Consequently, low skill households also have significantly higher local RRA. In addition low skill households have less human capital and therefore have lower diversification demand for stocks. Low wealth, high RRA and low diversification demand predicts that low skill households do not hold stocks in the face of a moderate ownership cost. In addition, the model predicts a humped lifecycle wealth accumulation pattern and a humped lifecycle stock allocation pattern. I also find that stockholders exhibit a greater aggregate willingness to supply risky capital during the expansion phase of a business cycle, despite the lower conditional equity premium.     

Jealousy and underconsumption in a one-sector model with wealth preference

The present paper examines the effects of consumption externalities on economic performance in a one-sector model with wealth preference. The presence of the wealth preference generates a wealth effect in consumption growth, which plays a crucial role for consumption externalities to have impacts on the economy. Our main findings are: (i) regardless of the assumption of inelastic labor supply, the distortionary effect of consumption externalities stays in the long run; (ii) the income tax as well as the consumption tax can modify the efficiency; and (iii) the numerical simulations supplement theoretical findings.     

基于消费结构分析的扩大内需对策研究——以上海城镇居民为例

消费是拉动经济的三驾马车之一,在当前依靠投资和出口拉动经济战略受阻的背景下,扩大内需、刺激消费成为推动我国经济发展的关键因素。作为反映居民消费本质的重要概念,消费结构与扩大内需是密不可分的。本文以上海城镇居民消费结构为研究对象,分析其在1995～2008年间演变规律;运用ELES模型探究居民消费支出与可支配收入的关系;测算商品需求收入弹性系数并进行比较分析。在此基础上,提出从稳定商品价格、提高居民收入、完善社会保障制度和优化供给结构等方面政策刺激消费,扩大内需。     

Regional Inequalities in Consumption Patterns: A Multilevel Approach to the Case of Italy

The main aim of this paper is to evaluate the disparities in the Italian regions on the demand side. In more detail, an attempt will be made to find if the consumption behaviour of Italian households is different in the regions. With this in mind, Istat's 2000 Italian Family Budget data set was analysed. The data in question, which were collected through a two‐stage sample over Italy's 20 regions, contains information regarding the expenses of approximately 23,000 households. In this analysis, both households and regions are considered as units: households are nested in the regions so that the basic data structure is hierarchical. In order to take this hierarchical structure into account, a multilevel model was used, making it possible for parameters to vary randomly from region to region. The model in question also made it possible to consider heterogeneity across different groups (regions), such as stochastic variation. First, regional inequalities were tested using a simple model in which households constituted the first level of analysis and were grouped according to their region (the second level). As a second step, and in order to investigate the interaction between geographical context and income distribution, another model was used. This was cross‐classified by income and regions. The most relevant results showed that there is wide fragmentation of consumption behaviour and, at the same time, various differentiated types of behaviour in the regions under analysis. These territorial differentials become clear from income class and items of consumption.     

物价上涨对不同收入群体消费支出的影响分析——以广东省为例

为了考察物价上涨对居民生活的影响,本文以广东省为例,从短期和长期两个方面对不同收入层城镇居民的消费支出变动情况进行了实证分析。结果表明,从短期看,物价上涨使城镇不同收入层居民的消费支出出现不同程度的增加,但低收入层居民消费性支出的增长幅度最大,普遍高于其他收入层居民。从长期看,物价上涨对城镇不同收入层居民消费支出的影响方向和程度不尽相同,其中使低收入户、中低收入户和高收入户的支出增加,而使中等收入户和中高收入户的支出减少。但是,无论是从长期还是从短期看,物价上涨对低收入户的影响最大,其消费性支出的增长幅度均高于其他收入群体的支出增长幅度。     

Consumption and Aggregate Constraints: International Evidence*

This paper documents that region‐level consumption exhibits excess sensitivity to lagged region‐level income in Italy, Japan, Spain, the UK and West Germany. However, region‐specific consumption exhibits substantially less sensitivity to lagged region‐specific income. Moreover, excess sensitivity is inversely related to standard measures of openness and credit market integration and for most countries, it has decreased over time. These findings are consistent with the results reported by Ostergaard et al. [Journal of Political Economy (2002) Vol. 110, pp. 634–645] for US states and Canadian provinces, and provide empirical support for the hypothesis that closed‐economy constraints may partly be responsible for the excess sensitivity phenomenon in aggregate data.     

低碳经济评价指标体系的构建

低碳经济是一种以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的新的经济发展形态,是人与自然和谐发展的必然趋势。在阐述低碳经济的内涵和构成要素的基础上,选取了评价低碳经济发展水平的各个指标,构建低碳经济评价指标体系,运用模糊层次分析法(F-AHP)对低碳经济的发展水平进行量化评价研究,并在此基础上提出了我国在低碳经济发展进程中应转变经济发展模式、加大科技投入、调整能源消费结构、优化产业结构、开发碳汇潜力等建议措施。     

Growth, debt and public infrastructure

This paper presents a closed economy model of endogenous growth driven by capital externalities arising from both private capital and public infrastructure. The model is calibrated to fit data for India, an approximately closed economy. Simulations suggest that fiscal policy certainly matters and the choice of the income taxation rate, the mix of government spending between infrastructure and public consumption goods, and the long-run government debt/GDP ratio can all significantly affect the long-run growth rate. Intertemporal aspects of fiscal policy are also important and the precommitment (time-inconsistent) and non-precommitment policies differ substantially.     

江苏后发达地区农村消费者行为特征分析及对策

近年来,江苏农村人口一直占50%左右。在收入低约束下,伴随着流动性约束以及未来收入和支出不确定性的影响,农村居民的消费倾向较低,消费结构也不够合理。本文在分析国内外学者对农村消费者的消费结构研究基础上,利用斯通的线性支出系统模型,对江苏省后发达地区农村消费者的行为进行实证研究,指出该群消费者现有的消费行为特点及存在的问题,并从政府和企业的角度提出了相应的对策。     

低碳经济与两型社会建设研究

近年来,如何化解经济快速发展对能源消耗的高度依赖,如何跨越资源、能源的瓶颈约束,成为国际社会当前经济发展面临的主要问题。旨在应对全球气候变暖的低碳经济发展模式,正获得国际社会的共识,成为一股新的世界潮流。发展低碳经济能促使社会生产与再生产活动低碳与无碳化,形成可持续发展的符合生态文明的经济模式。那么,如何认识低碳经济与我国两型社会建设之间的关系,成为当前国内社会科学界具有重大理论和实践意义的重大课题。     

An Applied General Equilibrium Model to Assess the Impact of National Tax Changes on a Regional Economy

This paper presents two versions of an applied general equilibrium model for the regional economy of Andalusia, Spain, that differ in the closure rule adopted to describe the behavior of the public sector. We use the model with to analyze the impact that the reform of the personal income tax (Act 40/98) implemented in Spain as a whole would have had on the Andalusian region in particular. The model is of the neoclassical variety and includes not only the productive sectors of the economy but also the foreign sector and the government, which are usually absent from theoretical general equilibrium models. Both versions of the model are calibrated by using a Social Accounting Matrix of Andalusia for 1995. The analysis shows that the reform is not self-financing, not even partially, despite governmental claims. It also indicates that there is a positive but smaller than anticipated economic stimulus. In welfare terms, we find that the category of Urban Salaried consumers is the one that benefits the most in real income terms.     

中国转轨时期宏观经济政策传导机制及政策效应的模拟分析

在中国从计划经济体制向市场经济体制的转变过程中，作为平抑经济周期波动、稳定经济发展的各项宏观经济政策发挥了不可忽视的作用。本文根据中国在转轨时期所具有的经济特点，构建了一个小型的宏观经济联立方程模型，并根据中国当前的经济形势，模拟了2003-2004年货币政策和财政政策对宏观经济的影响。得出的结论为，由于传导机制的不畅，导致我国当前货币政策的效果、旨在增加农村居民收入的减税政策的效果不明显，而扩大城镇居民消费的、提高职工工资的政策效果则比较显著。     

SOCIAL ACCOUNTING MATRIX FOR INDIA

This paper provides the latest Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) of the year 2003–2004 for the Indian economy with a wide variety of disaggregation for the Energy sector and the sectors that are relevant for environmental and climate policy evaluation. This SAM shows the interaction between production, income, consumption and capital accumulation. It can be used to provide an analysis of the interrelationship between the production structure of an economy and the distribution of incomes and expenditures of different household groups. In addition, it can be used for multiplier analysis to capture direct, indirect and induced impact on input use due to any exogenous changes in the economy. This SAM consists of 85 sectors of the economy, three factors of production and nine categories of occupational households. The Indian economy is becoming structurally biased towards capital intensive sectors, such as service and energy production. The energy production sector itself is the most energy intensive sector as of 2003–2004.     

Local taxation and the consequences of revenue distribution patterns

The economy of a small region. is modeled as an eighteen-equation system describing production, consumption, income distribution, factor supply, and a government sector. The government uses: independent taxes on land rents and capital rentals to collect revenue equal to 20% of what land rents would be in an untaxed equilibrium and distributes the revenue to local residents in four different patterns. The distribution of the tax revenue, as well as the mobility of the factor taxed, generates distinct patterns of impacts on regional population, capital stock and production structure wages rents and the incidence of the taxes.