Pricing behavior of exchange traded funds

We attempt to determine whether characteristics found to be effective indicators of individual stock price performance are effective indicators of exchange traded fund (ETF) price performance. Specifically, we test the performance of investing strategies based on separately categorizing ETFs into deciles according to size, trading volume, and momentum. When analyzing the entire sample, we find that the indicators can effectively signal differences in future performance. However, the indicators appear to be indirect proxies for the types of ETFs (broad-based, sector, or international). When we isolate each type of ETF, the indicators are not as effective. The indicators are not as useful for signaling unusual stock price performance of ETFs as they have been for individual stocks. We attribute the distinctly different results found here for ETFs to the unusual characteristics of ETFs that distinguish them from individual stocks. Investing strategies that rely on these indicators for selecting individual stocks may be indirectly driven by stock-specific fundamentals. However, fundamentals are not as meaningful for stock indexes (represented by ETFs) as for individual stocks.

Machine over Mind? Stock price clustering in the era of algorithmic trading

Given the rise of automated trading in the post-decimalization era, we examine time trends in price clustering for exchange traded funds (ETFs) and individual stocks during the post decimalization era. There is limited prior evidence on price clustering for portfolio securities such as ETFs. A striking feature of the evidence is the substantial reduction in clustering over the sample period for ETFs as well as for individual stocks. This decline occurs for trades of all sizes. We attribute the decline in clustering to the increasing prominence of algorithmic trading, which is immune to psychological biases.     

The economic benefits of market timing the style allocation of characteristic-based portfolios

Many exchange traded funds track simple characteristic-based equity portfolios such as the market capitalization, the fundamental value or the inverse volatility portfolio. This paper provides theoretical and empirical evidence for the economic benefits in exploiting the timing-gains that result from the time-varying relative performance of these characteristic-based portfolios. Under a factor model for expected returns, we show that this dynamic portfolio allocation can be efficient across the low-dimensional set of characteristic-based portfolios. We assess the out-of-sample performance on the S&P 100 universe over the period 1990–2013 and show gains in stability and significant positive risk-adjusted returns for the dynamic style portfolio. We conduct several robustness tests and extensions confirming the benefits of dynamic style allocation across characteristic-based portfolios.     

中国货币市场深化进程中的汇市弹性与压力分析

自21世纪以来,中国货币市场与外汇市场均发生了翻天覆地的变化。对近十年中国货币市场深化发展进程汇市弹性与压力问题的实证结果表明,更富弹性的汇制、更高市场化程度的汇市倾向于高发展水平的货币市场;同时需要政府对外汇市场的逐步放开,使得汇率的波动与调控逐步市场化。货币市场越深化发展,需要更具弹性的汇制与更具自由化的外汇市场与之相协调发展。伴随货币市场的稳步发展,中国汇制的选择更趋合理、更具弹性。     

Do natural disasters and geopolitical risks matter for cross-border country exchange-traded fund returns?

This paper examines whether U.S. and home country geopolitical risks (GPRs) and disasters matter for the returns from cross-border trading of country exchange-traded funds (ETFs) by employing a quantile regression approach. Using monthly returns of 125 country-specific ETFs traded in the U.S. from 38 countries over the period 2004–2018, we find that the highest averages of total deaths, total damage values, total affected, and GPRs are all in developing countries. United States disasters have comparatively more significant impacts than home country disasters on ETF returns as does the salient influences of U.S. investor sentiments, supporting the market sentiment hypothesis. Moreover, U.S. and home country GPRs and disasters also have predictive power on returns. The contemptuous effects and predictive powers of GPRs and disasters are asymmetric across quantiles. The influences of home country GPRs are more salient than the GRPS of U.S., implying that ETFs can be a safe haven during U.S. geopolitical risks. Additionally, our results show that the impacts of disasters on returns can be negative and/or positive, implying the possibility of disasters exuding an impetus and/or risk to country ETFs.     

股票日内流动性度量及其风险调整--基于上海股票市场高频数据的实证研究

流动性是股票市场的重要属性,但对流动性进行准确的定义和度量却是一件困难的事情。本文给出了股票流动性度量的三个指标,并对这些指标进行了风险调整。最后利用风险调整后的指标对上海股票市场的样本股票进行了截面相关分析,得出风险调整后的流动性指标逻辑关系更加紧密的结论。     

中国官方汇率与黑市汇率的结构平稳性和联动性研究

本文试图检验人民币兑换美元的官方汇率和黑市汇率在1961年1月至2005年8月间的结构平稳性,并基于向量自回归(VAR)系统分析这两种汇率的Granger因果性和脉冲响应。同时,从对黑市外汇需求角度剖析了影响黑市名义汇率波动的因素,从而揭示了黑色汇市存在的关键原因。最后,就黑色汇市现状对官方汇市制度的影响进行了深刻反思。     

The Impact of Exchange Rate Volatility on International Trade Flows

Despite the best efforts of economists, a basic paradox as to the impact of exchange rate volatility on trade flows remains unresolved at both the theoretical and empirical level. This paper surveys the vast literature in the area in an attempt to identify major issues which have contributed to the development of the debate and examine whether any general direction for consensus may be found.     

流动性衡量及对资产定价的影响研究述评

流动性一般被认为是市场执行交易的能力,这种能力表现为交易的便利性和交易对价格冲击的最小化.对于流动性的衡量有基于买卖价差的方法、流动比率的方法、交易对价格的冲击的方法等等,许多文献在衡量流动性水平的基础上,就流动性对资产定价的影响进行了理论和实证研究,本文系统总结了这些代表性的模型和研究成果.最后本文认为应该在参考国外成熟理论的基础上,深入研究适合我国资本市场的流动性衡量方法、内在规律和对价格的作用机制.     

Investor sentiment and country exchange traded funds: Does economic freedom matter?

Using unbalanced panel data of 27 iShares MSCI country-specific exchange traded funds (ETFs) over the period 1996–2014, this paper applies quantile regression to examine the impacts of global, foreign, and U.S. investor sentiments on the returns of the ETFs traded in the U.S. markets. We further investigate whether a country’s economic freedom affects the relationship between investor sentiments and ETF returns. We find that ETF returns are strongly determined by investor sentiments and the ETF expense ratio. The quantile regression approach reveals that high-return ETFs are positively sensitive to changes in global sentiment (measured by market turnover, VIX, U.S. federal funds rate), foreign sentiment (measured by current account balance, inflation, market turnover, public debt), U.S. sentiment, currency exchange ratio, and expense ratio, while negatively influenced by economic freedom and Asian proxy. The effects of VIX and foreign inflation are a reversal; that is, returns from lower (higher) quantiles have a negative (positive) relation with VIX and foreign inflation. Not all components of economic freedom affect returns equally.     

成交量、价格波动与流动性统一度量

流动性是股票市场的重要属性,但对流动性进行准确的定义和度量却是一件困难的事情。本文认为股票市场流动性具有多重属性,即在横向上具有层次性,在纵向上具有期限性,在比较上具有相对性。并在此基础上构建了一个股票市场流动性的统一度量指标。     

Asset price volatility and banks

This paper examines the operation of Diamond–Dybvig banks when depositors have access to the asset market. Previous studies have shown that banks are redundant in this environment since it is impossible to prevent the strategic withdrawals. This paper shows that the strategic withdrawals can be prevented if the market risk, due to asset price volatility, is considered. Banks provide deterministic returns to the depositors since the aggregate withdrawals are predictable, and therefore, banks can choose the portfolio such that no asset liquidation is involved. However, an individual consumer with stochastic liquidity need is vulnerable to the price volatility if he holds the asset directly. Therefore, banks improve the consumers’ welfare by providing the insurance against not only the liquidity shock but also the market risk. Banks are not redundant.     

基于即期日度数据的外汇市场有效性协整检验

文章采用了2000年1月-2006年12月的日元/美元、欧元/美元、英镑/美元以及人民币/美元的每日即期汇率数据,运用协整方法对外汇市场的有效性进行了检验。研究结果显示,日元与英镑,日元与欧元,以及人民币与日元、与英镑、与欧元的汇率市场是有效的,分析认为与实际情况比较相符,采用协整方法对外汇市场的长期数据进行检验来验证市场有效性是可行的,采用该种方法进行实际判断以及未来预测,为监管当局的决策提供建议,都具有重要作用。