合作博弈Shapley解的改进

合作博弈的Shapley解在利益分配过程中没有考虑到成员承担的风险等各种影响因素,从而导致分配的不合理。关于Shapley解的改进问题,先对以往的研究成果作了一个综述,然后提出了一种新的考虑更全面的分配策略。     

Odd man out: the proposal-making model

The proposal-making model is applied to the class of three-player/three-cake problems. The set of subgame perfect equilibria (SPEs) and the limit set of SPE payoffs as the risk of breakdown vanishes is characterized. The necessary and sufficient condition for uniqueness is derived. The results for the alternating offer model play an important role. The model always admits one stationary SPE and this equilibrium is related to a multilateral Nash solution. The stationary SPE is the coalition-proof SPE and the limit result differs from the result known for the model without risk of breakdown.     

Auctions with resale and bargaining power

We show that when the weak bidder’s bargaining power in the resale market is weakened, the auctioneer’s revenue from the first-price auction with resale is lower. Using the idea of Coase Theorem, we show that when the resale market is a sequential bargaining model with no commitment, the auctioneer’s revenue is substantially reduced, and the ranking is the opposite of Hafalir and Krishna (2009). We establish a version of the Coase Theorem in the context of the auctions with resale. When Coase Theorem holds, we show that the revenue of the auction with resale is lower than the revenue of the same auction without resale. We also provide the existence and uniqueness of equilibrium for our model of auctions with resale.     

Null players,solidarity, and the egalitarian Shapley values

The Shapley value probably is the most eminent single-point solution concept for TU-games. In its standard characterization, the null player property indicates the absence of solidarity among the players. First, we replace the null player property by a new axiom that guarantees null players non-negative payoffs whenever the grand coalition’s worth is non-negative. Second, the equal treatment property is strengthened into desirability. This way, we obtain a new characterization of the class of egalitarian Shapley values, i.e., of convex combinations of the Shapley value and the equal division solution. Within this characterization, additivity and desirability can be replaced by strong differential monotonicity, which translates higher productivity differentials into higher payoff differentials.     

Strategic militancy and the probability of strikes in union-firm bargaining

The paper provides a model that explains the probability of strikes by the union's use of militancy as a strategic tool in bargaining. Militants are useful because they provide a credible threat, hence enhancing the union's bargaining position. Using a multi-stage bargaining game, we show that, in general, militants will be used by the union as a strategic tool. The strategic benefit of militancy is reflected by the fact that the wage and employment level will be higher in a union that uses militants, compared to a union that does not. We use the model to show that the level of militancy and the probability of a strike decrease with the union's power. This suggests that policies that increase the strength of the union will have, at least, a partial positive effect on social welfare. We also show that the model can be viewed as providing an equilibrium of a repeated game, an interpretation that can explain the probability of strikes even in the absence of militants.     

The influence of seller learning and time constraints on sequential bargaining in an artificial perishable goods market

This paper investigates the formation of prices in a perishable goods market where agents bargain repeatedly through pair-wise interactions. After extensive field observations, we chose to focus on two aspects that seem important to actors of this market: the passage of time and update in judgement when gathering information. The main feature of the market is that a seller bargaining with a buyer has incomplete information about buyer's willingness to pay and is not sure how her trading partner will evaluate an offer or compare it with other options. On the other hand, buyers have limited time to look for goods and cannot meet all possible sellers before making a decision. Hence agents cannot calculate the best price to offer but receive information through limited interactions, and use this information to choose their actions.An agent-based model was built to represent a framework that mimics the observed market institution and where agent's possible behaviors and learning was made as consistent as possible with gathered data. Simulations were run, first for sensitivity analysis concerning main parameters, then to test the dependance of agents’ learning to (a) the time buyers can spend on the market and (b) the frequency of update in learning by sellers. To validate the model, features produced by the simulated market are compared to the stylized facts gathered for negotiation about four goods. We reproduce the main features of the data on the dynamics of offers, transaction prices and agents’ behavior during the bargaining phases.     

风险管理能力对物流企业动态联盟利益分配影响研究

在物流企业动态联盟中,合理的利益分配对于联盟的成功运作具有十分重要的意义。文章在使用Shapley值法计算物流企业动态联盟成员企业间利益分配的基础上,引入了风险管理能力因素,并利用模糊综合评判法进行量化,使Shapley值法的利益分配结果得到了更加合理的修正,能够从风险管理能力角度更好地把握物流企业动态联盟成员企业间利益分配的合理性。     

On the existence of an increasing symmetric equilibrium in (k + 1)-st price common value auctions

In a classical result, Milgrom (1981a) established that the Monotone Likelihood Ratio Property (MLRP) is a sufficient condition for the existence of an increasing symmetric equilibrium in (k + 1)-st price common value auctions. We show: (1) If MLRP is violated, then for any number of bidders and objects there exists a distribution of the common value such that no increasing symmetric equilibrium exists; (2) If MLRP is violated, then for any distribution of the common value there exist infinitely many pairs of the number of bidders and the number of objects such that an increasing symmetric equilibrium does not exist; (3) There are examples where an increasing symmetric equilibrium exists even when the signal distribution violates MLRP.     

Government and governance: The value of project management in the public sector

Governance is an emerging theme that has been associated in the public sector with a real political need to satisfy stakeholders by demonstrating accountability and transparency while effectively implementing policy. Many initiatives relating to governance are generated by a need for improvement of organizational performance and ability to implement and adapt to change. These generally take the form of projects and programs encouraging a variety of project management implementations in the public sector. This article reports on examination of the expectations and realization of value from investment in project management in four Australian public‐sector organizations with particular reference to the government context, the perspective of public value management (PVM), and the support that project management provides in meeting the demands of public‐sector governance.     

基于Shapley值法的供应链联盟利益分配优化研究

供应链联盟利益如何分配是关系到联盟稳定性和能否使联盟整体效益达到最优的关键问题之一。文章考虑到联盟中部分企业间存在的联结依赖关系及这种关系能够给联盟带来额外收益,针对应用Shapley值法进行供应链联盟利益分配时的不足．提出了一种新的Shapley值修正算法。最后通过算例证明该策略不仅保证了联盟的稳定性,而且使得联盟整体收益得到优化。     

The integration of sustainability within value management practices: A study of experienced value managers in the GCC countries

The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) comprises the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, the Kingdom of Bahrain, and the states of Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates. These countries are fairly similar in terms of socioeconomic, commercial, and infrastructural development. Disappointingly perhaps, their thriving construction industries continue to score poorly in terms of sustainability. Although value management (VM) has been proposed as a potential mechanism for delivering sustainable construction projects in some countries, this idea has not yet been widely put into practice around the world. The aim of this article is to investigate this potential in the GCC countries through interviewing 17 experienced value managers from the GCC. The primary conclusion, derived from the viewpoints of these value managers, is that such an endeavor might be unviable at present, largely due to a lack of awareness with regard to sustainability issues in the GCC. Proposals are therefore provided to assist in a successful integration of sustainability into VM practices in the GCC region.     

大芦湖低渗透油藏注水开发认识与实践

通过对大芦湖低渗透油藏注水开发的分析研究,提出了低渗透油藏低含水期采油、超前调配、均衡注水等多种注水开发认识,从理论上进行了论证,现场应用效果显著,为提高同类油藏的注水开发效果提供了参考。     

Faculty bargaining in private colleges and universities: Beyond Yeshiva

In 1980, the U.S. Supreme court inYeshiva University v. NLRB ruled that faculty members in some private colleges and universities are managerial employees, and, thus, are not entitled to the protection provided under federal labor law. Since then, the courts and the National Labor Relations Board have heard a number of cases arising out ofYeshiva. This article first reviews the status of managerial and professional employees under the NLRA, then examines how the law has been applied in the aftermath ofYeshiva. We conclude that while a few general principles have evolved, the courts have yet to establish clear criteria for defining “managerial” as applied to university faculty. We note that theYeshiva case has resulted in a substantive decline in collective bargaining among faculty in private sector higher educational institutions, and that the criteria arising out of the decision have the potential for restricting collective bargaining coverage outside academia.     

BFDS型多功能水力控制阀在二级泵站中的应用

文章阐述了BFDS型多功能水力控制阀液压控制系统的改进及应用。BFDS型多功能水力控制阀代替逆止阀和电动调节闸阀在应用中取得良好的效果。     

价值链模式下城市战略性项目的实施

基于价值链模式的评价视角,提出在城市战略性项目实施过程中建构和谐城市的控制模式,该模式既指城市发展目标和谐,也指发展过程和谐,进而提出生态域、社会域和时间域三大核心指标,以在共时性研究中推动趋优化发展,实现状态(结构、功能)和谐,在历时性研究中进行项目流程跟踪动态评价,实现过程(时间)和谐。     

城乡规划法的价值演进

城乡规划法本质上与时空发展的状况具有耦合性,其范式是不断演进的.2008版城乡规划法是新时空精神的升华,内容框架和价值取向都有较大的创新.该法体现了利益主体的多元化,表现了从"计划"到"市场"的转型,反映了空间上的城乡统筹导向以及策略上的公共政策属性.同时,2008版城乡规划法在规划协作、规划体系等方面所存在的一系列问题,需要在实践中不断地解决和修正.     

价值链理论在战略性新兴产业营销策划中的运用——以A数控公司为例

本文结合A知名数控公司的营销现状,进行SWOT分析,根据价值链理论,结合公司实际,对该公司营销策划提出若干的建议,以期提升公司的营销能力。     

浅谈铁路领域中GPS技术的应用与价值

随着我国铁路事业的高速发展,GPS技术的应用显得越来越重要。文章通过分析GPS技术在铁路领域的应用,探讨GPS技术对我国铁路事业的重要价值。     

History,practices, and future of earned value management in government: Perspectives from NASA

The goal of this research is to explore the history, practices, and future of the earned value management (EVM) method in government, and seek opportunities and suggestions for wider implementation of EVM for managing, measuring, and controlling project performance and progress. First, this study reviews the historical background and evolution of EVM implementation in government. Then, current practices for implementing EVM are discussed through examination of EVM adoption and implementation at NASA. The research shows that NASA receives substantial project management value from its implementation of EVM, promotes consistent practices across the agency, and provides effective training on leadership, scheduling, EVM, and data analysis. This study also provides recommendations to improve and broaden the applications of current EVM and project management practices to other government programs and projects. Findings of this research contribute to the management of performance of future projects and programs and encourage the project management community to review and advance the application of EVM.     

The optimal consumption function in a Brownian model of accumulation Part A: The consumption function as solution of a boundary value problem

We consider a neo-classical model of optimal economic growth with c.r.r.a. utility in which the traditional deterministic trends representing population growth, technological progress, depreciation and impatience are replaced by Brownian motions with drift. When transformed to ‘intensive’ units, this is equivalent to a stochastic model of optimal saving with diminishing returns to capital. For the intensive model, we give sufficient conditions for optimality of a consumption plan (open-loop control) comprising a finite welfare condition, a martingale condition for shadow prices and a transversality condition as t→∞. We then replace these by conditions for optimality of a plan generated by a consumption function (closed-loop control), i.e. a function expressing log-consumption as a time-invariant, deterministic function of log-capital . Making use of the exponential martingale formula we replace the martingale condition by a non-linear, non-autonomous second-order o.d.e. which an optimal consumption function must satisfy; this has the form , where . Economic considerations suggest certain limiting values which and should satisfy as , thus defining a two-point boundary value problem (b.v.p.) — or rather, a family of problems, depending on the values of parameters. We prove two theorems showing that a consumption function which solves the appropriate b.v.p. generates an optimal plan. Proofs that a unique solution of each b.v.p. exists are given in a separate paper (Part B).