Rare disaster risk and the expected equity risk premium

Consistent with the predictions of rare disaster models, we find that a proxy for the time‐varying probability of rare disasters helps to explain fluctuations in expectations of the equity risk premium. Our proxy for disaster risk is a recently developed measure of global political instability, and the expected market risk premium is from Value Line analysts' expected stock returns. Consistent with long‐run risk models, uncertainty about expected GDP growth and expected consumption growth is also significantly positively related to the expected market risk premium. We obtain similar results when we use the earnings–price ratio and the dividend–price ratio as proxies for the expected market risk premium.     

我国城镇居民消费的风险分担与跨期平滑——基于1985~2011年的实证研究

应用我国1985~2011年的省级数据,构建面板数据模型实证分析了城镇家庭消费的风险分担和跨期平滑情况。研究结果显示：我国城镇家庭消费的跨期平滑是不完全的。无论是从我国整体情况来看,还是从不同地区或者不同收入组家庭来考察,城镇家庭消费的跨期平滑系数γ均介于0~1之间。此外,城镇家庭消费的风险分担程度很低,消费风险分担机制很不完善。进一步的分析显示：各个地区内部和不同收入组内部的风险分担系数要高于全国总体的风险分担系数,这说明我国城镇家庭在进行消费风险分担时具有显著的“本地偏好”和“阶层效应”。     

居民家庭“加杠杆”能促进消费吗？——来自中国家庭微观调查的经验证据

基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,本文实证检验了家庭杠杆对其总支出和消费性支出的直接和间接影响,以及这种影响在不同类型消费和城乡居民家庭消费中的差异。结果显示,我国居民家庭杠杆会显著地抑制家庭总支出的增加,强化资产对总支出和消费性支出的正向促进作用,即强化财富消费效应。家庭杠杆会促进生存型消费的增加,强化生存型消费的财富消费效应,但会抑制发展与享受型消费。就对城乡居民家庭消费影响的差异而言,家庭杠杆会抑制城镇居民家庭的总支出增加,但会促进农村居民家庭消费性支出和生存型消费的增加并强化其生存型消费的财富消费效应。这表明,在供给侧结构性改革背景下,居民家庭“加杠杆”并不能直接有效地提高消费和促进消费结构升级,推动消费增长和消费结构升级的根本途径在于增加家庭收入和家庭总资产水平。     

建立扩大内需长效机制的财税政策研究

在后金融危机时代,扩大内需成为国家的重大战略,本文对我国的消费率进行了横向和纵向比较,主要从提高名义收入水平、减轻税收负担、调控房价等方面探讨了建立扩大内需长效机制的财税政策。并提出在保证居民消费能力的同时,还需提高中低收入居民社会保障水平,让居民既有能力消费也敢于消费。     

国际资本流动与跨期消费模式:基于中美两国跨期贸易模型的启示

基于中美两国跨期贸易模型的分析与检验结果说明,美国是偏好现在消费的国家,中国是偏好未来消费的国家。中国与美国存在互利的跨期交易,中国出口现在产品交换未来产品是推迟消费模式,美国出口未来产品交换现在产品是提前消费模式。仍然蔓延未散的美国经济危机,自然会对中美跨期消费模式的持续性产生冲击。中国要减少美国经济危机的冲击,应从调整跨期消费偏好入手,重点做好有利于提升当前消费的制度创新。     

补充医疗保险对居民消费的影响——来自城乡居民大病保险的证据

促进消费对我国稳定经济增长和构建新发展格局至关重要。本文基于中国家庭追踪调查数据(CFPS),利用地级市层面实施城乡居民大病保险的时间差异,运用双重差分法估计了大病医疗保险对居民消费的影响。结果表明,大病保险使家庭人均消费显著增长了约6%。使用了事件分析法、置换检验、改变回归样本和控制变量等一系列检验后,结论仍保持一致,且这一效果在期初住院率高、储蓄率高以及收入较高的家庭中更明显。进一步地,本文检验了大病保险对居民消费的三种可能影响渠道,发现降低家庭对未来医疗支出风险的预期是大病保险促进家庭非医疗消费进而影响家庭总消费的主要渠道,印证了我国居民对高额医疗支出的担忧是影响消费意愿的重要因素。本文研究对于完善多层次医疗保障体系和促进居民消费具有启示意义。     

经济发展方式转变下扩大我国消费对策研究

本文首先分析了改革开放以来我国消费率的变动趋势,然后对制约我国消费增长的因素进行剖析,最后提出要从供给和需求两方面来扩大我国消费,更重要的是转变经济增长方式和进行结构调整,着力培育促进消费持续增长的长期机制.     

Consumption and expected asset returns without assumptions about unobservables

If asset returns are predictable, then rational expectations and the arithmetic of budget constraints together imply that these predictable changes in returns should affect current consumption. This paper presents a new framework linking consumption, income, and observable assets to expectations of future asset returns. Relative to previous work on this topic, the framework proposed in this paper has a number of advantages including not relying on untestable assumptions concerning unobservable variables and not requiring estimation of unknown parameters to arrive at a forecasting variable.     

论低消费和高投资状况下我国财产税改革

我国目前低消费和高投资的经济状况不能长期持续下去。通过调整税收政策,使我国的宏观税基更多地依赖于储蓄或投资而不是消费,有利于提高消费率,改善消费和投资之间的比例,使经济增长具有长期的可持续性。财产税对财产存量征税,使我国的宏观税基更多地依赖于储蓄而不是消费,有利于降低储蓄,刺激消费。因此,通过财产税改革,增强财产税在我国税制结构中的地位,扩大财产税的征税范围和税基,加强财产税的累进性,开征新的财产税税种如遗产与赠与税,有利于提高消费率,改善消费和投资的比例。     

Systematic consumption risk in currency returns

We sort currencies into portfolios by countries’ past consumption growth. The excess return of the highest- over the lowest-consumption-growth portfolio – our consumption carry factor – compensates for negative returns during world-wide downturns and prices the cross-section of portfolio-sorted and of bilateral currency returns. Empirically, sorting currencies on consumption growth is very similar to sorting currencies on interest rates. We interpret these stylized facts in a habit formation model: sorting currencies on past consumption growth approximates sorting on risk aversion. Low (high) risk-aversion currencies have high (low) interest rates and depreciate (appreciate) in times of global turmoil.     

试论刘墉的“爱”

爱是人类社会中所能体会的一种特殊情感,也是人类存在的延续,他展示了人们对与自身行为的终极探究,丰富了社会的人文内涵,加强了人们之间的联系。而不同时期的作家的“爱”所表现的是于很多客观社会条件因素所影响的,含义也不同,但表现的爱超脱不出时代。现代作家刘墉表现“爱”的意义已具有了现代“爱的消费性”,也是现代社会中,“爱”这个字眼在人们心中变得更加摇摆不定。     

运用税收政策 提升消费需求

本文认为,刺激经济扩大内需的关键是刺激国内消费,为此,需进一步理顺税收政策,纠正以投资为重心的做法。一方面,在税率和转移支付上做文章,发挥税收对消费的直接效应;另一方面,运用税收调节国民收入和边际消费倾向,间接拉动消费。双管齐下,真正拉动消费。     

回归恒等式是实现我国宏观经济均衡的根本途径

本文从国民经济恒等式"投资等于储蓄"的理论出发,认为当前经济增长放缓、通货膨胀加剧的深层次根源是国民经济长期储蓄、投资与消费三者关系失衡的综合反映。在当前情况下,解决之道是通过"从紧货币政策、宽松信贷政策、稳健财政政策、稳定汇率政策"等手段改变投资长期持续低于储蓄的困境,通过扩大投资来改善就业,提高消费者收入水平,最终实现投资储蓄相平衡的目标。     

Foreign exchange exposure of “domestic” corporations

Unlike prior studies on foreign exchange risk that have focused on multinational companies, this paper documents that domestic companies face significant foreign exchange exposure. Indeed, we document that on average domestic company foreign exchange exposure is not significantly different from the exposures faced by multinational firms. As expected, the number of domestic firms with significant foreign exchange exposure increases with the exposure estimation horizon. More interestingly, the level of domestic firm exposure is significantly negatively related to firm size and asset turnover, and positively related to the market to book ratio and financial leverage. Our results have important implications for managers, policy makers, and accounting standards.     

关于用汽车消费带动我国经济增长的几点思考

我国宏观经济运行近两三年一直处于供大于求、有效需求不足的状态。经济持续自发性收缩，经济增长缺乏长期动力。我们的当务之急就是确定新的经济增长点，打破经济的收缩性循环。各国经济发展的历史经验告诉我们，中国经济即将进入一个依赖私人轿车拉动经济增长的时期。长期以来，我国汽车工业的相对落后状况使得我国汽车市场及其汽车服务等相关行业的发展相对滞后。因此，具有极大发展空间的私人汽车消费，完全可以成为我国经济新的增长点。     

The Impact of Converting to a Consumption Tax When Saving Propensities Vary: An Empirical Analysis

It has been recognized that conversion of an income tax to a consumption tax can increase aggregate saving even if each household maintains a constant propensity to save. The reason is heterogeneity: the variation in the propensity to save among households. How much of an increase in saving is an empirical question. Using the best available (but not wholly adequate) U.S. data, we estimate that the increase may be as much as 10% of saving. New data stratified by age would be necessary to obtain a more reliable estimate.     

新冠肺炎疫情对居民消费的影响及对策

2020年春节期间,湖北省武汉市爆发的由新型冠状病毒感染引起的肺炎疫情正在对中国经济和消费带来负向冲击。从逻辑上看,除了直接限制消费外,疫情还会通过收入效应、财富效应、实际购买力效应对消费形成不利影响。从历史上看,十七年前的"非典"疫情对经济和消费的影响是短期的,但此次疫情影响更大,持续期存在不确定性。稳定消费的关键是稳定居民收入,要稳定居民收入就需要稳定非农产业就业。基于分析,本文提出了一揽子政策建议。     

A financial CCAPM and economic inequalities

This paper considers a wealth heterogeneous multi-agent (MA) financial pricing CCAPM model. It is based on the following observations: (a) A distinction between what agents are willing to pay for consumption and what they actually pay. The former is a function of a number of factors including the agent’s wealth and risk preferences and the latter is a function of all other agents’ aggregate consumption or equivalently, their wealth committed to consumption. (b) Unlike traditional pricing models that define a representative agent underlying the pricing model, this paper assumes that each agent is in fact ‘Cournot-gaming’ a market defined by all other agents. This results in a decomposition of an n-agents game into n games of two agents, one a specific agent and the other a synthetic agent (a proxy for all other agents), on the basis of which an equilibrium consumption price solution is defined. The paper’s essential results are twofold. First, a Martingale pricing model is defined for each individual agent expressing the consumer willingness to pay (his utility price) and the market price—the price that all agents pay for consumption. In this sense, price is unique defined by each agent’s ‘Cournot game’ Agents’ consumption are then adjusted accordingly to meet the market price. Second, the pricing model defined is shown to account for agents wealth distribution pointing out that all agents valuations are a function of their and others’ wealth, the information they have about each other and other factors which are discussed in the text. When an agent has no wealth or cannot affect the market price of consumption, then this pricing model is reduced to the standard CCAPM model while any agent with an appreciable wealth compared to other agents, is shown to value returns (and thus future consumption) less than wealth-poor agents. As a result, this paper will argue that even in a financial market with an infinite number of agents, if there are some agents that are large enough to affect the market price by their decisions, such agents have an arbitrage advantage over the poorer agents. The financial CCAPM MA pricing model has a number of implications, some of which are considered in this paper. Finally, some simple examples are considered to highlight the applicability of this paper to specific financial issues.