如何根治"白色污染"

“白色污染”是伴随人口数量的不断增长、石油化工工业的迅速发展、人民生活质量的日益提高而产生的一处现代污染现象。它已经严重地影响了城乡环境。如何有效地治理“白色污染”，促进城乡人口、资源环境与社会经济的可持续发展，是亟待解决的重大问题。本文在分析“白色污染物”排放和污染状况、现行垃圾处理方法缺陷的基础上，提出了垃圾分类回收和处理发展循环经济，是根治“白色污染”、保护环境的必由之路这一基本观点，对政策法规、管理体制、科技投入等方面提出几点建议。     

消除白色污染的对策探讨

白色污染已经成为当今环境保护领域里的大问题。国家为此制定了一系列的政策法规，各级地方政府也出台了“禁白”措施，但效果不尽人意。本文对“白色污染”的发生和对策进行了探讨，认为“禁白”不是最好的治理办法，应该在回收和再利用方面作努力。     

变废为宝 打造优质防水剂——长春市超强特种防水材料厂的发展之路

随着科技进步和经济的快速发展，塑料制品给人们带来诸多便利，同时．由于其废弃物的不易分解和回收处理，给生态环境造成了巨大的污染。据有关资料统计，我国年生产一次性饭盒、泡沫塑料包装物、包装袋、方便兜、农用地膜等多连8000万吨以上，使用后回收利用率很低，大部分都作为废弃物被随手丢弃．造成的白色污染已成为影响人类生态环境的一大公害。长春市未被利用的废弃塑料在万吨以上。治理白色污染，变废旧塑料为宝是我国环境治理的重要课题之一。长春市超强特种防水材料厂抓住机遇，通过自主研发生产设备，利用废弃塑料及泡沫生产特种防水剂，用自己的方式谱写出一曲生态建设与经济发展的和谐乐章。     

治理白色污染不妨开征"塑料袋税"

报载，爱尔兰为遏制塑料购物袋的“疯狂”使用，减少白色垃圾污染，在2002年3月中旬开征了塑料购物袋使用税。所收资金全部交给新成立的环保基金用于环境保护项目，不仅有效地治住了“白色污染”，使塑料袋使用量骤降了90%，同时为国家环保项目筹集了一笔可观的资金，国民环保意识也因此得到提高。如此一举多得，很值得我们借鉴。（卫东）治理“白色污染”不妨开征“塑料袋税”@卫东     

“白色污染”几时休？——武汉市“禁白”工作存在的问题及对策

所谓白色污染，主要指包括难降解的一次性塑料餐具和塑料包装用品，农膜等，被废弃成垃圾所造成的污染。武汉是华中地区的特大城市，既是“白色污染”的生产地，又是“白色污染”的受害地，为了防止“白色污染”。武汉市政府早在1996年，2000年就分别发布了《关于在本市城区禁止销售和在餐饮等行业中禁止使用一次性泡沫餐具的通知》及《武汉市禁止生产销售使用难降解一次性塑料餐具暂行规定》。     

让“白色污染”退出历史舞台

白色污染是人们对由聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚众乙烯等高分子化合物制成的塑料制品废弃物的形象称呼。这些物品不能降解,对环境造成严重污染。超薄塑料袋和发泡塑料餐具,因使用方便,飘落大街小巷、江河湖泊、海滩、铁路沿线,造成“环境污染”、“视觉污染”和“景观污染”。长期使用一次性发泡塑料餐盒,会损害人体的肝脏、肾脏,扰乱了人体的内分泌     

“白色污染”防治的数学模型

＂白色污染＂已经成为全世界关注的一个极敏感性话题,就＂白色污染＂问题建立数学模型。由此模型说明,通过政府法规的制定、广播电视的宣传、环保人士的宣传等,以提高环保意识人群的数量,从而达到治理＂白色污染＂的作用。     

百年之后难化解“白色污染”何时休?

一种被称为“白色污染”的新污染源,正在困扰我国和全世界。 所谓“白色污染”,即指十几年前还被人们誉为“白色革命”的新包装材料——一次性快餐饭盒、餐具、泡沫塑料、各种食品包装袋、农用地膜等。这些塑料制品,是由石油化工副产品生产的聚苯乙烯、聚丙烯、聚氯局烯等制成。它们不易回收,     

一旦超市对塑料袋收费……

在所有白色污染物中塑料袋占据了“半壁江山”。由于回收价值低，所以减少使用是治理白色污染的上上策。在目前国民环保意识尚不能和环境污染形势相协调的情况下，由政府相关部门甚至立法部门牵头在全国范围内统一实行塑料袋收费政策是必要的。考虑到中国地域广大、人口众多，为确保操作的可行性，目前拟仅在全国规模以上零售企业推行。     

生活品质城市能否先行一步

上世纪80年代，广东零售业最先开始向顾客附赠塑料购物袋，此后迅速普及到大江南北当年的媒体曾热情讴歌这一“便民举措”，认为这开启了消费史上的新篇章，随着时间的推移，这个小方便却越采越让人头疼白色塑料垃圾（也称白色污染），随之也成为困扰城市环境的一个难题。 2007年12月31目，国务院办公厅发布“限塑令”，从2008年6月1目起,国内所有的超市、商场、集贸市场等商品零售场所部将实行塑料购物物袋有偿使用制度，一律不等免费提供翅料购物袋，旨在从源头上扼杀白色污染。 虽然是有偿使用，但对于这项面广量大、根深蒂固的工作，很多人在置疑。可喜可贺的是，早在两年前，杭州钢铁集团利用焦炉“巧烧”白色污染，实现零排放，还能变废为宝。然而，这一新技术在推广过程中，却遭遇了收集白色污染物品的尴尬．     

The role of forecasting in sustainability

A lack of understanding of the waste flow of durable goods complicates decision-making efforts that will increase sustainability. To address this problem, the modeling of the waste flow of durable goods is considered. Televisions are used to illustrate the requirements for forecasting and the magnitude of the associated uncertainty of the waste flow for a durable good that is impacted by technological change and/or unpredictability in field life. This example is timely due to disposal laws affecting cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and the emergence of alternate technology trajectories for televisions. The findings suggest that the reuse of lead-bearing CRT glass is worthwhile, even though flat panel TV technology will eliminate this controversial waste stream. The findings also indicate the implications of forecasting durable waste flows for decisions regarding policy, business models, required infrastructure and supply chain management.     

ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF REFILL PACKS

It is common sense that refill packs can increase the repeated use of durable goods, reduce resource waste and be conducive to environmental protection. However, their existence also has an economic effect. For instance, we find that the profit of a monopolistic firm will increase as a result of selling the refill packs when the depreciation rate of the durable good is low. In an extension of the model, we point out that there is an entrant that competes with the incumbent in relation to the composite goods and the refill packs. In order to compete in terms of the prices of the composite goods, the incumbent sells the refill packs not only to increase profit, but also to reduce the amount of waste resulting from the durable goods. As for competing in regard to the prices of the refill packs, if the cost of the composite goods is small, then the incumbent's profit from selling the composite goods will increase. By comparing two extensions of the model, we find that the environmental effect of the price competition in regard to the refill packs is greater than the environmental effect of the price competition in relation to the composite goods.     

A Simple Multi-Regional Input–Output Account for Waste Analysis

The present paper provides a simple multiregional input–output model for waste analysis with which to estimate intraregional and interregional effects of industrial wastes embodied in regional final consumptions. The empirical analyses using 1995 nine-regions input–output tables reveals the regional properties of the interregional linkage effects. The Kanto and Kinki regions remarkably control the industrial waste emissions and waste landfills within their own regions by importing waste-intensive intermediate goods and services from the other regions. The Chugoku and Shikoku regions greatly contributed to the production of the waste-intensive goods and services for the other regions, considering the waste emissions and waste landfills relative to the commodity production levels. We also find that the household consumption behaviour in other regions indirectly plays a more important role in waste emissions than the municipal waste disposal behaviour in the region in question at least in 1995.     

The Behavior of Nontradable-Goods Prices In Europe: Evidence and Interpretation*

This paper examines the evolution of the relative price between tradable and nontradable goods in a group of European countries. A model of an open economy is used to analyze different factors that can account for an increase in the relative price of nontradable goods. These factors are (a) faster technological progress in the tradable goods sector, (b) demand shifts toward nontradable goods, and (c) real wage pressures. the relevance of these factors is analyzed empirically for France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom.     

Did the cost of living in Canada increase faster for the rich during the period 1950–1980?

The paper computes the approximate true cost of living indexes from the time series data on price and quantity of nine broadly defined goods and services to show that the cost of living increased faster for the rich in Canada during the three decades. This is due mainly to an increase in the prices of “luxury” goods and services relative to “necessity” goods and services. These conclusions are almost identical to those of several other studies which utilize a different framework and a different time period for analysis.     

A study of environmental impact on manufacturing products trade in Shandong,China

Based on the situation that the trade of manufactured goods takes the main position in Shandong Province,this paper identifies Shandong industrial pollutant discharge by three indices,which are industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal.Furthermore,it conducts an empirical analysis of the trade terms of pollution content transfer on nine identified industrial sectors.The conclusion is that the increase in industrial effluent discharge,industrial SO2 emission,and solid waste disposal has paralleled the growth of the GDP in Shandong.The rapid economic growth brings obvious negative impact on the environment.Compared with that in 1998,the increase in the pollution content of exports in 2007 indicated that more environmental costs were generated with the economic development in Shandong.There is a need for optimization of foreign trade structure in Shandong,especially the need for increasing import of the pollution intensive products and decreasing the export of the pollution intensive products.The research on the relationship between manufactured goods trade and the environmental impact will make a contribution to the adjustment of foreign trade and environmental policies.     

生态经济城市的核心是创建生态工业体系

本文对生态经济城市与生态工业的关系进行了理论探讨。把“生态”概念引申为物质与能量在系统与环境之间的交换的平衡关系,进而阐述了人类经济系统的多层次平衡关系,重点揭示了生态经济城市的内涵。指出了工业系统生态化平衡及生态工业体系是生态经济城市的核心,并阐明了生态工业体系的主要内容。最后,提出了创建生态城市的实践方案,即生态工业体系的规则与设计;建立和完善生态工艺,改进能源的利用方法,实现“三废”物质的资源化利用,规划建设污染物净化的设施项目,设计和实施绿化工程,建立完整的环境监测系统等。     

微观规制:生态环境及生态文明的“守护神”——基于微观规制对维护生态环境及建设生态文明作用的分析

作为具有公共品性质的生态环境,单纯依靠市场机制是不能有效提供的.它需要通过政府行为解决市场机制的失灵,从而有效提供生态环境公共品.本文从分析生态环境公共品导致市场失灵的原因入手,研究微观规制在维护生态环境及建设生态文明中的重要作用.     

Productive Capacity, Product Varieties, and the Elasticities Approach to the Trade Balance

Most macroeconomic models imply that faster income growth tends either to lower a country’s trade balance by raising its imports with little change to its exports or to reduce its terms of trade in order to maintain balanced trade. Krugman (1989 ) proposed a model in which countries grow by producing new varieties of goods. In his model, faster‐growing countries are able to export these new goods and maintain balanced trade without suffering any deterioration in their terms of trade. This paper analyzes the growth of US imports from different source countries and finds strong support for Krugman’s model.     

Developmental aspects of China��s trade pattern: The role of imported intermediate goods

This paper studies the relationship between China’s trade and its economic development. More than two centuries ago Adam Smith argued that it is the use of imported intermediate goods that constitutes the vector through which openness improves productivity. Imported intermediate goods can relieve what would otherwise be key constraints allowing faster growth, together with better human development. While China’s trade reform is often related to its productivity growth, there has been remarkably little attention to the relationship between imports and productivity growth at the industry-sectoral level. Our paper examines the sector-specific impact of intermediate goods utilizing a time series for the share of imported intermediate goods in each sector derived from our model calculations. Our study indicates that imported intermediate goods are playing an important role in the growth of Chinese productivity.