试谈地勘单位转型发展——以河南省有色金属地矿局为例

文章指出了地勘单位转型升级的时代背景、地勘单位的现状与时代使命,提出地勘单位必须由单一的地勘服务向"大地质"综合服务、由传统的勘查技术向对环境扰动更少效率更高的智能地质转型升级;以河南省有色金属地矿局为例,列举了其积极投身三大攻坚战、强化地质工作服务功能、推进地矿科技创新等转型升级取得的成绩;分析了地勘单位转型升级存在的机遇和挑战;明确了重视清洁能源勘查、服务生态文明和民生领域建设等转型升级的目标和方向,结合单位实际,阐述了既要当好金山银山的勘探者、又要当好绿水青山的守护者等地勘单位转型升级的具体举措。     

关于深化地勘单位改革的几点看法

国有地勘单位面临的艰巨改革任务和严峻挑战：勘探市场竞争主体缺失,找矿突破主力军力量将严重削弱;国有地勘单位划为公益类后,较多数量的探矿权将无法由市场进行配置;公益类地勘单位的职工收入将普遍下降,从而导致优秀专业技术人才流失,地勘单位空心化;事企混合体制将导致国有地勘单位创新动力不足;事企混合体制严重影响找矿的质量和效果。落实全面深化改革要求应：根据厘清政府和市场边界的要求和公益性、商业性地质工作需要来设计地勘单位改革,把重组作为顶层设计的重要内容;借力改革,培育各类市场主体,提升找矿企业的差异化竞争能力;引入民营资本,打破垄断,建立地勘单位市场化经营的新体制。     

转变观念 把地勘单位推向市场

本文认为根据有计划商品经济的要求,必须转变观念,把地勘单位推向市场,使其成为真正的商品生产者和经营者,实行自主经营、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束。文章并就建立包括国家预算项目任务在内的大地质市场和计划与市场的关系,如何实现自主经营和自负盈亏、给地勘单位松邦、转换地勘单位经营机制等问题作了论述。     

地勘单位向企业过渡必须解决的主要问题分析

地勘单位向企业过渡是地质工作体制改革和深化地勘单位改革的根本方向 ,必须坚定不移地加以推进。文章分析了地勘单位向企业过渡必须解决的三个主要问题 ,即资本金、职工的养老、失业及医疗保险、产业及主业 ,以及解决这三大问题的途径。     

发展是硬道理--评地勘单位努力构建支柱产业

国办发〔1999〕37号文件提出的地勘单位企业化经营 ,标志着地勘单位由原来执行国家计划任务为主 ,转变为全面面向市场。所谓全面面向市场 ,就是要使自己的产品和劳务 ,全面适应市场的需要。为此 ,每一个地勘单位就必须以市场为导向 ,调整好生产经营结构 ,构建自己的支柱产业。只有这样 ,才能在新的形势下求得生存和发展。实际上 37号文件下达之后 ,各地勘单位也正是这样做的。为了总结和交流这方面的经验 ,中国地矿经济学会连续召开两次座谈会 ,重点探讨矿产勘查和开发、工程勘查和基础施工、地质旅游及服务业三个支柱产业的构建情况。这三…     

加快地勘单位市场主体地位确立的几点思考

地勘单位要实现企业化经营目标必须成为真正意义上的市场主体。影响地勘单位真正成为市场主体的主要问题:一是地勘单位不具备典型企业的基本特征,二是机制不活使地勘单位缺乏成为市场主体的内在动力,三是缺乏使地勘单位成为市场主体的平等的经济关系和竞争环境。地勘单位要成为市场主体,建立以公司制为主的现代企业制度是必要条件,适应市场环境搞好战略重组是基本保证;同时,必须从优化资本结构入手切实解决资金不足问题,实现投资主体多元化;政府管理部门创造公平的市场竞争环境更是非常重要的。     

解读广东省地质局地勘事业单位改革方案

广东省地质局所属事业单位分类改革实施方案,对省内地勘队伍进行了调整,明晰了改革目标和衡量标准,正确定位了地勘队伍的公益属性;明确地勘单位任务,优化资源配置;构建了地方地质工作体系,促进地勘单位融入社会。广东省地勘单位改革遵循大地质理念,公益性地勘单位任务设计符合国情省情,充分发掘既有地质成果的作用,促进了地勘单位地质工作主力军作用的发挥。建议：（1）改革必须遵循分类改革、因地制宜、积极稳妥的原则;（2）合理扶持和规范＂公益二类＂单位;（3）改革探矿权、采矿权现有制度;（4）以人为本,妥善处理遗留问题;（5）地质事业不应当全面实现产业化或公益化。     

辽宁地质矿产局十年改革成效明显

十年改革,我局取得了丰硕的成果,地勘单位发生了较大的变化: 1.地勘单位活力增强,逐步走上自主经营的路子。简政放权、承包经营,使地勘单位增强了自主经营管理意识和管理能力。地勘单位走向市场,进入社会,由内向封闭式的单纯生产型向内外开放式的生产经营型转变,由单一的计划调节向发展市场机制作用转化。地勘单位承担了国家计划和市场需求两项任务,两付重担一肩挑,地质工作服务领域不断扩大,市场收入逐年增多。1979年全局地质市场和多种经营的收入不足200万元,1988年猛增到4800万     

浅议地勘单位的企业地位

几年的实践,使人们对于地质工作体制改革的意义、目标、要求以及应采取的措施和步骤,从认识上都有了很大的提高。但是,绝大部分地勘单位的现状,离企业化的要求还相差很远;地质市场的稳定性还比较差;地质成果有偿占用的问题还没有很好解决;新旧体制的交错,使地勘单位的经营机制和内部管理充满了矛盾;地勘单位计划任务不足、资金短缺、     

关于地勘单位转型升级的思考

从国家宏观政策走向、地勘单位面临形势与任务的角度分析,地勘单位转型升级应围绕"以管理工作的转型升级推动产业发展,以产业转型升级保障管理工作提升"为主要任务。地勘单位转型升级必须有所取舍、坚定不移、系统整合、加强合作。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.