社会资本结构与民营企业成长

本文以个人关系资本与集群网络资本构成的社会资本结构为理论工具，通过两者的禀赋差异与组合，将我国经济转轨时期民营经济成长的环境分为四种类型。在实证地比较这四种环境下民营经济发展绩效的基础上，本文提出了集群网络资本有助于缺乏个人关系资本的中小企业发展的观点，并指出了伴随我国市场制度的逐步完善，个人关系资本弱化与集群网络资本强化的趋势。     

经济发展视角的社会资本研究述评

经济学有关社会资本的研究主要关注社会资本与经济发展的关系问题。现有研究忽视了对社会资本问题在经济学研究中兴起背景的考察,缺乏对相关文献系统和深入的梳理。虽然理论界对社会资本的概念和类型尚未形成共识,但是社会资本在经济发展中的作用得到了理论界的认可：在宏观层面,较高的社会资本存量对促进宏观经济增长有积极作用,并有助于解决集体行动问题和提高贫困地区公共资源配置的效率。在微观层面,社会资本与人力资本的投资和收益存在相关联系,此外可以通过降低信贷市场上的逆向选择和道德风险促进金融的发展。同时．社会资本也存在定义模糊和难以测度的理论困境。其非均衡分布还可能造成资源垄断和市场分割。而缺乏普遍性的信任还会阻碍经济的发展。     

论企业社会资本的有机构成及功能

企业社会资本是企业内外个人及组织之间的社会信任网络。它是微观、中观、宏观三个层面信任网络相互联系、相互平衡所形成的有机整体。构成企业生产能力、创利能力及企业生存发展的社会根基。企业社会资本的重要价值，是揭示了全球化、信息经济背景下。根植于关系、商誉、品牌等无形资源的“体系优势”、“动态柔性”和“创利能力”超越传统工业时代的区位优势、静态资源和生产能力，成为企业持续创新和竞争优势的来源。     

Career Success Networks in China: Sex Differences in Network Composition and Social Exchange Practices

Through structured interviews with 108 senior and middle managers in China, we compared the composition and social exchange practices of Chinese male and female managers' career success networks (CSNs). The results indicated that most of the CSN ties formed by both male and female managers are with men, especially power ties. Male and female managers differed in the extent to which they engaged in instrumental and expressive transactions with same- and opposite-sex CSN alters, reciprocated the help provided by CSN alters, and socialized outside of the workplace with opposite-sex alters. The implications of these results for career success in China are discussed.     

高新技术产业集群中的社会资本效应分析

高新技术产业集群中社会资本的效应很大,主要体现在以下几个方面：影响高新技术产业集群的位置、发展速度和信息交流,促进集群内经济主体的合作;从契约角度来看,可以有效解决高新技术企业技术创新网络中契约缺口问题;有助于高新技术产业集群由萌芽阶段向初级阶段发展,并保证产业群由初级阶段进化到高级阶段;有助于促进高新技术产业集群实现知识的转移、流动和创造;有助于促进高新技术产业集群内企业间的集体学习;有助于高新技术产业风险投资基地的建立;有助于提高高新技术产业集群内企业创新效率;使高新技术产业集群内技术创新扩散更加迅速;激励高新技术产业集群内人才创新;等等。     

企业社会资本与技术创新：基于吸收能力的实证研究

本文针对我国企业社会资本影响技术创新的机制问题展开分析,从企业社会资本的特征维度出发,引入吸收能力的视角,提出了基于吸收能力的企业社会资本与技术创新绩效的概念模型。在问卷调查的基础上,通过多元线性回归分析和结构方程模型分析,对我国企业社会资本如何影响技术创新的问题进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,在不考虑吸收能力作用的情况下,企业社会资本的结构、关系和认知等三个维度的水平对于我国企业技术创新绩效的提升均具有积极显著的作用;企业社会资本三个特征维度的水平通过提高吸收能力进而正向影响技术创新绩效;其中,认知维度在结构维度和关系维度发挥效应中承担中介变量的作用。为提高企业技术创新绩效,建议以知识的获取和利用为导向,注重企业社会资本三个维度水平的均衡提高。     

Transaction Cost, Social Capital and Firms' Synergy Creation in Chinese Business Networks: An Integrative Approach

Overseas Chinese business networks have been a powerful growth engine propelling local economies in Southeast Asia and the Greater China region. However, relatively little research has been conducted on the relationship between social capital and a firm's synergy creation in overseas Chinese business networks. To narrow this knowledge gap, this study adopts an integrative approach drawing on two complementary theories of transaction cost economics (TCE) and social capital to investigate how a firm creates synergy in overseas Chinese business networks. A multiple regression method was used to test hypotheses. The results indicate that repeat transactions and close ties with government offices and financial institutions contributed positively towards a firm's synergy creation while other variables such as trust, transaction uncertainty and information sharing did not show any significant relationship with synergy creation. Data from 108 Hong Kong-based Chinese manufacturing firms provide evidence that the integrative approach is rather effective in studying a firm's synergy creation in the context of interorganisational relationships.     

企业社会责任、社会资本与组织竞争优势:一个战略互动视角——基于中国转型期经验的实证研究

本文融合社会资本理论,构建了转型经济中企业社会责任影响组织竞争优势的理论框架,并运用151家中国企业的调查数据进行了实证检验。结果发现:企业社会责任与经济绩效之间不存在相关性,但与组织声誉正向相关,社会资本会明显强化企业社会责任的声誉效应。具体而言,等级制社会资本会显著促进企业社会责任与组织声誉的相关关系,而市场社会资本则限制了企业社会责任对组织声誉的贡献。本文从研究方法的跨层次风险、资源依赖的动态性和整合能力等方面进行了应用性的讨论,建议中国企业用基于社会资本的战略性社会责任超越慈善导向的社会责任,通过这种战略转型积聚组织竞争优势。     

Strategic alliance contracts: dimensions and determinants of contractual complexity

In contrast to prior studies examining strategic alliances as discrete governance structures (e.g., alliances vs. M&A, equity vs. non‐equity agreements), we investigate their particular contractual features. The analysis examines the dimensionality of the contractual complexity construct and investigates the determinants of firms' adoption of various contractual provisions. We find two underlying dimensions of contractual complexity, based upon the enforcement and coordination functions of different contractual provisions. The evidence reveals that firms' usage of particular contractual provisions is a function of asset specificity as well as whether the alliance's duration is pre‐specified or open‐ended. The findings also speak to the debate surrounding the roles of prior ties and trust for alliance governance. Firms that have collaborated with each other in the past are not less likely to negotiate enforcement provisions; rather, repeat collaborators are less likely to adopt contractual provisions that are informational in nature and are geared to the coordination of the alliance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中小企业自主创新能力提升策略研究——基于企业家社会资本的视角

本文从中小企业家社会资本的视角探讨其自主创新能力提升的对策。从结构、资源、策略三个层面剖析企业家社会资本的构成因子,阐述企业家关系网络、企业家社会资源、创新机会策略分别从控制利益、信息利益、策略有效性等方面建构获取创新赢利机会的结构能力、资源能力和策略能力。并基于结构洞理论推导结构自治、非冗余性、结构洞策略等相应的影响因子及作用路径,进而构建企业家社会资本影响机制理论结构模型,初步建立了企业家社会资本增殖范式下自主创新能力提升的理论分析框架。在此基础上,遵循中小企业家社会资本的修补脉络,聚焦于联系紧密化、联系差异化、联系细分化设计了中小企业自主创新能力提升三种策略。通过辨析补洞策略、寻洞策略、析洞策略的作用和差异,从策略实质与策略优选两方面论述了中小企业全面提升自主创新能力的实践架构。     

The Formation of Managerial Networks of Foreign Firms in China: The Effects of Strategic Orientations

This study investigates how firms' strategic orientations (i.e., market, technology, and entrepreneurship orientations) influence the formation of two types of managerial networks (top managers' ties with the business community and with government officials), as well as the impact of managerial networking on firm performance. On the basis of a survey of 181 foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) operating in China, we find that a market orientation fosters both types of network building. Technology-oriented firms are more likely to cultivate managerial ties with top managers at other firms but less likely to establish networks with government officials. In contrast, entrepreneurial firms tend to develop vertical networks with government officials but have no intention to deepen their horizontal networks with other firms. Competitive intensity moderates the relationships between strategic orientations and managerial ties. Finally, managerial networking has a positive impact on FIE performance.     

Network location and learning: the influence of network resources and firm capabilities on alliance formation

This paper presents a dynamic, firm‐level study of the role of network resources in determining alliance formation. Such resources inhere not so much within the firm but reside in the interfirm networks in which firms are placed. Data from extensive fieldwork show that by influencing the extent to which firms have access to information about potential partners, such resources are an important catalyst for new alliances, especially because alliances entail considerable hazards. This study also assesses the importance of firms’ capabilities with alliance formation and material resources as determinants of their alliance decisions. I test this dynamic framework and its hypotheses about the role of time‐varying network resources and firm capabilities with comprehensive longitudinal multi‐industry data on the formation of strategic alliances by a panel of firms between 1970 and 1989. The results confirm field observations that accumulated network resources arising from firm participation in the network of accumulated prior alliances are influential in firms’ decisions to enter into new alliances. This study highlights the importance of network resources that firms derive from their embeddedness in networks for explaining their strategic behavior. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The role of incentives and communication in strategic alliances: an experimental investigation

This paper experimentally examines the determinants of the deviation between potential and realized value creation in strategic alliances. To better understand how decision making in alliances may influence success, we use an experimental design that juxtaposes two important factors that affect alliance members' decisions: economic incentives and communication. The evidence from our experiment sheds light on the relative impact of each, and more importantly, how both factors interact to explain successful outcomes. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

外部社会资本对新创企业绩效的影响研究--知识获取的中介作用

基于企业知识理论的观点认为知识资源已成为企业最为重要的战略性资源。外部社会资本作为新创企业社会关系网络在创业活动中的嵌入,是企业知识获取的重要手段。该文以社会资本理论为基础,通过对湖北省内116家新创企业的有效问卷调查及结构方程分析,研究表明,新创企业外部社会资本的结构维度、关系维度、认知维度对知识获取、新创企业绩效有显著影响,知识获取在新创企业外部社会资本与新创企业绩效的关系中起到部分中介作用。因此新创企业应加强外部社会资本构建和管理能力,促进知识获取,从而实现企业绩效的提升。     

农村小额信贷过程中社会网络运行机制研究

回顾了农村小额信贷中社会资本运行机制的相关研究成果,指出社会资本对于小额信贷的作用不仅仅限于静态,而且更是一个动态的过程。尤其是构成社会资本的社会网络,更是一个借贷主体双方主动构建并促成借贷双方达成交易的一个动态过程,借贷双方都能够能动地改变着网络结构,使其有利于满足自身的利益需求。     

企业社会资本的功效结构:基于中国上市公司的实证研究

与政府的联系、组织的社会网络资本和特有的关系资本构成了企业的社会资本。通过对97家上市公司的经验研究表明,企业社会资本对销售收入的提升有着正面的促进作用,但对资产报酬率的改善却没有明确的影响。具体而言,在提升销售收入过程中,组织的社会网络资本作用最大,特有关系资本次之,企业家的政府关系资本是第三位的。我们还发现,国有企业比非国有企业在政府关系的利用和获得有利社会地位方面更有优势,但在组织的特有关系资本建设方面却呈现不足。作者建议管理者谨慎评价企业社会资本的功效,有必要考虑不同社会资本结构的交互作用,并将之与其他要素综合起来运用;企业应当用动态的眼光分辨不同层次的社会资本对绩效改善的作用。     

资本市场压力与企业策略性专利行为:卖空机制的视角

创新是一种不确定性高且周期长的投资活动,需要风险偏好更大、对失败容忍更高的市场环境,而资本市场具有筛选和发现创新型企业、有效分散创新风险的功能,因而对创新活动起着关键作用。然而,中国资本市场短期投资者比例高,融券交易成本高且交易不活跃,加上专利评价体系对不同质量的专利区分度较低,导致资本市场压力对创新活动没有发挥出信息机制和治理机制两种效应。相反,资本市场压力带来的负面信息表达渠道和管理层短期业绩压力,造成了中国专利申请中存在“重数量、轻质量”“重申请、轻维护”的企业策略性专利行为所衍生的“专利泡沫”问题。本文采用中国融资融券制度作为准自然实验,考察卖空机制对企业创新的影响效应和作用机理。研究发现,企业面临卖空压力时会更加积极地申请专利,但专利的申请质量有所下降,表现为专利授权率降低;专利结构有所恶化,最终授权数增加的主要是容易研发、授权快的实用新型专利和外观设计专利;专利得到授权后,企业放弃缴纳维持费用以终止专利权。这些策略性专利行为在短期内可以减少企业的卖空交易量,推高企业市值,但长期看对企业的业绩没有积极影响,是一种“创新假象”。卖空机制主要通过施压机制来影响企业创新,管理层业绩压力、外部监督压力、股价信息传递压力越大的企业,在面临卖空威慑时更有动力进行策略性专利行为。为促进企业创新向高质量发展,需要进一步完善融资融券制度和专利评价体系。     

Managing knowledge leakage in strategic alliances: The effects of trust and formal contracts

Although strategic alliances offer opportunities for knowledge sharing and leveraging, they also carry the risk of knowledge leakage to partner firms. In this study, we conceptualize the notion of knowledge leakage as a multidimensional construct and formalize its measurement. We examine the effects of two dominant governance mechanisms—trust (goodwill trust and competence trust) and formal contracts on knowledge leakage. A survey of 205 partnering firms in China indicates that goodwill trust has a U-shaped relationship with knowledge leakage, whereas competence trust has a negative impact. Moreover, goodwill trust and competence trust interact differently with formal contracts on knowledge leakage. This study offers important theoretical and managerial insights for firms to manage knowledge leakage in strategic alliances.     

The significance of network resources in the race to enter emerging product markets: the convergence of telephony communications and computer networking, 1989–2001

This paper focuses on the role of network resources and examines the associated mechanisms that affect the timing of entry into an emerging product market. Linking network theory to market entry research, I analyze the pattern in the structure, relation, and composition of 517 firms' strategic alliances as the firms face the decision of whether and when to enter the networking switches market over a 13‐year period from 1989 to 2001. The context for empirical testing is the voice/data convergence between telephony communications and computer networking technologies during which the industry boundary blurs. Firms that have access to information of high quality, large quantity, and compositional heterogeneity are likely to enter the newly developed market more quickly. However, network configuration lock‐in and network costs may counterbalance the benefits derived from network resources. I discuss the implications of these findings for research on social networks and the timing of market entry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The strategic value of CEO external directorate networks: implications for CEO compensation

This study examines the relationship between CEO external directorate networks and CEO compensation. Drawing on previous research showing a link between executives' external networks, firm strategy, and performance, the study argues that executive external networks are strategically valuable to firms; thus, they should be reflected in executive compensation. The study further examines whether firm diversification, with its elevated demand for strategic resources, moderates the relationship between CEO external directorate networks and pay. Hypotheses are tested using a sample of 460 Fortune 1000 firms. Analyses reveal that the rewards to CEO external directorate networks are contingent upon the firm's level of diversification. Implications for future research and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.