从“生产导向”到“幸福导向”镜鉴:源自不丹和法国

对两个在国际上较早发起幸福研究的国家,即来自发达国家的法国和发展中国家的不丹的幸福研究成果进行梳理,可以发现:在新转型时代,发展测量体系应实现从生产导向到幸福导向的转变,公共政策制定除生产性产出的经济绩效之外,更要注重立足于为民众谋幸福的社会进步,社会的发展应由经济建设时代逐步过渡到社会建设时代。     

Subjective well-being and its determinants in rural China

A national household survey for 2002, containing a specially designed module on subjective well-being, is used to estimate pioneering happiness functions in rural China. The variables that are predicted by economic theory to be important for happiness prove to be relatively unimportant. Our analysis suggests that we need to draw on psychology and sociology if we are to understand. Rural China is not a hotbed of dissatisfaction with life, possibly because most people are found to confine their reference groups to the village. Relative income within the village and relative income over time, both in the past and expected in the future, are shown to be important for current happiness, whereas current income is less so. Even amidst the poverty of rural China, attitudes, social comparisons and aspirations influence subjective well-being. The implications of the findings for the future and for policy are considered.     

城市定居对农民工幸福感的影响及其代际差异

利用2013 年中国七大城市调查数据, 采用Ordered Probit 模型和工具变量法（IV Probit）,将农民工幸福感分为幸福程度、生活满意程度与未来信心程度三个维度,实证分析了城市定居对农民工幸福感的影响及其代际差异。研究发现：城市定居对农民工幸福感的影响具有代际差异。对第一代农民工而言,城市定居对其幸福感没有显著影响。对新生代农民工而言,城市定居不但提高了其幸福程度,而且对未来信心程度与生活满意程度也起到了积极作用。解释机制显示,在举家迁移、城市排斥与自我发展等方面的差异,造成了城市定居对两代农民工幸福感的影响不同。文章最后结合研究得出的结论,提出了相应的政策建议。     

Material progress and the challenge of affluence in seventeenth-century England

In the later seventeenth century, material progress was first identified in England as a recent achievement with boundless future promise, and it was welcomed despite fears about the threats that it was perceived to present to national and personal well-being. The article investigates the roots of that confidence, and finds them in political economy and other intellectual developments that shaped interpretations of changing standards of living. The civic and moral 'challenge of affluence' was fully recognized but never resolved. Progress was accepted, and had to be defended in war-time, as the route to general happiness, 'ease', and plenty.     

分手快乐?——离婚对个体幸福感的影响

中国离婚率连年快速攀升引发了广泛关注，但鲜有文献定量评估离婚对个体主观福利的影响。文章首次采用追踪数据（CFPS）定量评估了离婚对个体主观福利的冲击及其动态演变，为理解中国居高不下的离婚率提供了一个新观察视角。控制个体固定效应和时间固定效应后，离婚对个体幸福感产生了显著短暂的负向冲击。按自评收入分为5个阶层，离婚当年人们遭受的幸福感损失，相当于从中等阶层下滑到最低阶层。离婚对幸福感不存在长期影响，离婚者与从未离婚者之间的幸福感落差在离婚3年后即基本消失；是否再婚在其中扮演着重要角色。尽管男女、城乡、不同教育水平、有无子女等不同群组幸福感受离婚影响的程度存在差异，但均呈现出共同动态演变趋势。考虑到离婚个体在离婚前夕的幸福感水平，应该已经低于其他已婚者，那么离婚应该提升了他们的幸福感。离异者幸福感恢复迅速表明在遭受巨大打击后，其心理上表现出惊人的自我修复能力。中国离婚主观成本相对较低，或是离婚率高企的重要原因。应该审慎地看待离婚对幸福感没有长期影响的结论，该结论不应被视为支持乃至鼓励中国居民离婚的经验证据。本研究仅显示：一个离过婚的人，也可以像常人一样幸福快乐。     

改革开放以来广东幸福文化的现实演进

幸福是人人都追求的至高目标,但是由于历史文化、国情、个人观念等因素的影响,每个人的幸福理论又不尽相同,因此就诞生了形形色色的幸福文化。幸福文化大体说来可以分为重财富的物质幸福文化、重感情的精神幸福文化,和两者并重的社会幸福文化。这些文化在广东发展的不同时期都曾起过积极的作用,也曾在某种程度上滞后了广东的发展进程。本文将试着从改革开放以来的三个不同历史时期浅析广东幸福文化的现实演进过程,以求为幸福广东的建设提供理论支撑。     

Measurement of relative welfare poverty and its impact on happiness in China: Evidence from CGSS

Individual or household income has been the conventional yardstick of poverty. Presently, non-income factors are universally accepted as measures of poverty. Attention on the multiple dimensions of poverty and their policy implications has been growing in the past 20 years. However, few studies have analyzed relative multidimensional poverty, especially in China. Moreover, the relationship between relative welfare poverty and happiness has been rarely studied, particularly given that the decline of poverty seemed not bringing a significant increase in happiness in China. This research gap is noteworthy because enhancing the subjective well-being of the people is crucial to a nation's sustainable economic development. On the basis of the micro-level data from China General Social Survey, this study puts forward a welfare approach to analyzing the relative multidimensional poverty and then determines the link between relative welfare poverty and individual happiness. Our results show that 1) relative welfare poverty has not declined significantly and 2) there is a significantly happiness-reducing effect of relative welfare poverty.     

非农就业提高农村居民幸福感了吗？

农村劳动力非农转移已经成为常态,对农村居民的福利水平产生了深远影响。文章基于体验效用假设,构建了工农要素流动下农村居民的幸福函数,并基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)农村调研数据,实证分析了非农就业影响农村居民幸福感的效应、机制与情境。结果表明:非农就业在总体上促进了农村居民幸福感提升,但却存在一定的"伊斯特林悖论"关系,即短期非农就业能够显著促进幸福增长,但长期非农就业对幸福增长的促进作用是有限的,甚至出现停滞或反向抑制状态;其内在机制主要在于非农就业过程中农村居民的需求层次逐渐由生存需要转向尊重和自我实现需要,但长期非农就业并不能显著提升外出务工农村居民的社会地位感知;非农就业对农村居民幸福感的促进效应,在本地非农就业和跨省流动的就业情境下更为显著,在女性群体、高中层次受教育程度群体中相对更高,且伴随农村居民的年龄增长呈现边际递减规律。基于此,文章提出创造本地就业市场、关注非农劳动力的就业需求变化、加强非农就业劳动力职业技能培训等针对性政策启示。     

价值视域中的社会发展代价之幸福感指数

幸福与和谐,是人类永恒追求的具有普遍意义的终极价值。社会和谐是人民幸福的基本条件,幸福指数是社会和谐的重要指标。正因为幸福和快乐对于人类来说是一种永恒的终极的价值目标,追求幸福和快乐是人与生俱来的基本权利。     

收入差距、社会保障支出与农村居民幸福感

收入差距的日益恶化严重影响到了居民的幸福感,社会保障支出作为民生性支出,具有典型的福利性与公平性特征,其可能加剧或缓解收入差距对农村居民幸福感的影响。本文基于2010年中国社会综合调查数据（CGSS）,采用Ordered Probit模型,实证分析了收入差距、社会保障支出对农村居民幸福感的影响。研究发现,收入差距与农村居民幸福感呈倒“U”型关系,低水平的收入差距对农村居民幸福感有积极影响,而较高的收入差距则会降低农村居民幸福感,且这一效应对农村低收入者幸福感的影响更大;社会保障支出不仅对农村居民幸福感有显著的正向影响,而且缓解了收入差距过大对农村居民幸福感带来的不利冲击。在采用工具变量法矫正内生性后,结论依然稳健。因此,我国政府理应将收入差距控制在合理区间,同时加大社会保障支出,从而使农村居民更幸福感。     

近朱者赤:幸福的传染效应——基于CLDS 2014-2016的实证分析

研究他人幸福感对个体幸福感的影响有助于更加全面地理解和评价公共政策的真实效果,如何有效识别幸福感人际传递的因果关系是分析幸福传染效应的核心问题。文章利用2014年和2016年中国劳动力动态调查（CLDS）数据,以社区为参照单位讨论与检验了人际间的幸福传染效应及其作用机制。研究发现：在控制了个人、家庭与社区层面的相关因素后,社区其他人的幸福感对个体幸福感有显著的正向影响。同时,分别以社区其他人的父母教育程度以及受访时间和天气作为工具变量,并进行两阶段最小二乘估计（2SLS）的结果依然支持“幸福会传染”的结论。此外,包括指标、样本和方法调整在内的稳健性检验仍显示结果一致可靠。从群体差异来看,幸福的传染效应更加明显地发生于农村、家庭收入较低,以及自身幸福感和社会资本处于中高水平的群体。幸福在人际间传染的主要渠道有两条：一是个体通过捕捉模仿或认知联想他人的情绪与行为来改变其精神健康与社会信任水平,进而影响其幸福状态;二是他人积极的情绪与反馈有助于社会网络的构建与发展,从而通过促进社会互助影响个体的幸福感。幸福传染效应的存在为完善政策与项目的全面评估、加强社会文化基础设施的建设,以及促进正能量的传播等提供了参考与启示。     

养老保险水平对农民工主观幸福感的影响

中国经济发展迈入新平台，更加注重经济发展的质量，增强全体人民的“幸福感与获得感”是高质量发展的重要体现。基于2019 年中国家庭金融调查数据（CHFS），本研究利用倾向得分匹配法，深入探讨了养老保险及其相关水平如何影响农民工的幸福感，并以消费支出为中介，进一步考察了具体的影响机制。研究发现，在我国大力推动普及养老保险的背景下，养老保险的幸福促进效应不明显，而养老保险的相对水平是影响农民工幸福感的重要因素，相对于参加低水平养老保险的农民工，参加高水平养老保险的农民工幸福感高出20.8%-23.8%。同时消费支出在参加高水平养老保险对幸福感的影响中发挥着中介作用，即参加高水平养老保险能够通过促进消费支出来提升农民工的幸福感。对此，研究认为政府要着眼于养老保障的公平性，妥善提升农民工养老保险的保障水平，有效促进农民工的消费支出，增强其幸福感。     

志愿服务、年龄差异与主观幸福感

文章以中老年人参与志愿服务为例,基于2013-2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据,采用有序Logit、OLS、PSM-DID等方法,尝试解答助人会让人变得更幸福以及助人会对不同年龄群体幸福感产生差异吗等问题。研究结果表明：第一,中老年人参与志愿服务有助于提升幸福感水平,且在考虑到内生性问题情况下,该结论仍成立;第二,进行分样本讨论发现,这种影响存在年龄差异。具体而言,老年人参与志愿服务对幸福感有显著提升作用,但对中年人影响并不显著;第三,经济因素并不对志愿服务与幸福感之间的关系起调节作用;第四,通过中介效应检验发现,中老年人参与志愿服务通过提升积极情绪实现,而消极情绪则起遮掩效应。文章的研究意义在于,理论上,梳理了国内外关于中老年人志愿者服务对幸福感影响的文献,丰富了当前我国中老年人志愿服务参与和幸福感关系的理论和经验研究;实践上,为推进我国中老年人志愿服务参与、保障幸福老年生活及构建互助的社会网络支持体系提供了一定的建议与启示。     

Commute time and subjective well-being in urban China

Using data from the 2010 China Family Panel Studies, this study investigates the association between commute time and subjective well-being in a sample of 16- to 65-year-old employees in urban China. We find evidence that a longer commute time is associated with lower levels of both life satisfaction and happiness, especially when the commute times are extreme (≥ 1 hour per day). A multiple mediation analysis further indicates that the relation between commute time and happiness is partially mediated by the time spent on daily activities, particularly sleep. We also calculate the amount of income necessary to compensate an employee's loss in well-being at approximately 82 yuan per hour of commute time, implying that in urban China the annual loss of well-being amounts to around 10 billion yuan.     

Open economy measures of wealth and Hicksian national income

This paper argues that a total approach to macroeconomic stock estimation is necessary when assessing the overall significance of a nation's foreign debt level. In an increasingly integrated global economy, changes in national wealth—the difference between the value of internationally tradable assets and external liabilities—not only help gauge creditworthiness, but may be used to complement the traditional flow measures of gross national product and national income. Moreover, following Hicks (1946), changes in open economy measures of wealth yield a new measure of national income. Prototypical estimates of wealth and Hicksian income are presented for Australia by way of example.     

浅析边沁的功利主义思想

边沁认为人类的一切行为动机以及合理性依据都根源于快乐或痛苦的免除,亦即利益或幸福,它不仅是个人的利益与幸福,而且是整个社会最大多数人的利益与幸福。他的功利主义不仅是从行为的动机强调苦乐对人的行为的支配作用,同时也是在行为效果(后果)意义上强调苦乐的支配作用,这实际上就是把苦乐看成在本质上就是恶与善的代名词。     

物质主义构面分析及其对主观幸福感的影响——基于“80后”的实证研究

＂80后＂已经成为社会消费的主力军,而消费社会中物质主义渐成主导的消费价值观。文章研究发现＂80后＂总体物质主义态度中立,但较多把物质占有作为追求快乐的工具,而不是把物质财富看做是炫耀的资本和成功的象征。当控制了人口统计变量后,其物质主义与主观幸福感正相关。     

A Tale of Three Countries: What is the Relationship Between COVID-19, Lockdown and Happiness?

The COVID-19 pandemic led many governments to implement lockdown regulations to curb the spread of the virus. Though lockdowns do minimise the physical damage caused by the virus, there may also be substantial damage to population well-being. Using a pooled data set, we analyse the relationship between a mandatory lockdown and happiness in three diverse countries: South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. These countries differ amongst others in terms of lockdown regulations and duration. The primary aim is to determine, whether a lockdown is negatively associated with happiness, notwithstanding the characteristics of a country or the strictness of the lockdown regulations. Second, we compare the effect size of the lockdown on happiness between these countries. We use Difference-in-Difference estimations to determine the association between lockdown and happiness and a Least Squares Dummy Variable estimation to study the heterogeneity in the effect size of the lockdown by country. Our results show that a lockdown is associated with a decline in happiness, regardless of the characteristics of the country or the type and duration of its lockdown regulations. Furthermore, the effect size differs between countries in the sense that the more stringent the stay-at-home regulations are, the greater it seems to be.     

美貌能带来幸福感吗?

作为一项稀缺资源，好的外表能够为个体带来多重溢价和福利。文章基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）数据考察了个体的外貌与主观幸福感之间的关系。研究发现，在控制了影响幸福感的其他因素之后，个体的外貌对其幸福感依然有着显著的正向影响：外貌更具吸引力的个体，其自评的生活满意度更高。外貌的这一影响在不同性别、不同年龄段和不同收入群组中均有所差异。同时，在该影响机制中，个体的经济状况扮演着中介渠道的角色。文章运用访员固定效应和工具变量估计控制了模型的内生性问题。