内部人交易与持续经营审计意见——来自财务困境类上市公司的经验证据

股改完成后内部人交易日益常态化,内部人交易受到监管层和市场各方的关注。为了降低事后被查处的可能性,发生内部人交易的财务困境类上市公司可能会要求审计师签发更好的审计意见。基于2007至2013年上市公司内部人交易数据,研究发现:财务困境类上市公司内部人交易与持续经营审计意见显著负相关;审计师对上市公司经济依赖的程度越高,内部人卖出交易与持续经营审计意见负相关关系越显著。更进一步地,内部人交易与持续经营审计意见负相关的关系主要体现在股权制衡度较低、分析师跟进数量较少以及机构投资者持股比例较低的上市公司,表明上述公司治理机制有效地遏制了财务困境类上市公司发生内部人交易后胁迫审计师签发干净审计报告的行为。     

机构投资者与股权激励：中国证券市场的实证研究

股权激励是公司治理的重要手段之一,2006年初,股权激励机制正式引入中国。本文通过对2006年中引入股权激励的40家上市公司的研究发现,在上市公司宣布股权激励方案之后,机构投资者的持股比例有了明显的上升,即使是引入对照组以控制大盘走势等其他的潜在影响因素之后,这一结果仍然显著存在。上述结果表明机构投资者高度关注公司的股权激励行为。在现行治理环境下,机构投资者更倾向于对公司治理良好的公司进行投资。     

投资者关系管理影响审计师决策吗?——基于A股上市公司投资者关系管理的综合调查

本文利用南京大学联合证监会针对A股上市公司投资者关系管理综合调查获取的特别数据,实证检验和分析了投资者关系管理影响审计师决策(审计意见和审计费用)的效应、机理和调节因素。研究发现,投资者关系管理对审计师出具非标准审计意见的概率产生了显著的负向影响,而对审计费用却没有产生显著影响。进一步的机理分析表明这是由于投资者关系管理虽降低了审计风险,却加大了审计师的工作负荷,造成两者在审计费用的影响效应上相互抵消所致。最后还发现投资者关系管理对审计意见的负向影响在可视性比较低的公司(小公司和低分析师跟踪公司)更加显著。本文研究在理论上扩展了投资者关系管理的研究范式体系,在实践上对指导上市公司开展投资者关系管理活动具有重要的启示价值。     

机构投资者持股对上市公司资本结构影响的机理研究

公司治理对资本结构的优化选择起着至关重要的作用。机构投资者作为股东参与公司治理,通过对管理者的经营决策进行干预,从而影响上市公司资本结构的选择。本文首先界定了机构投资者与资本结构的概念,接着综述了研究现状,最后分析了机构投资者持股对资本结构的影响机理并得出一些结论。     

机构投资者持股对上市公司资本结构影响的机理研究

公司治理对资本结构的优化选择起着至关重要的作用。机构投资者作为股东参与公司治理,通过对管理者的经营决策进行干预,从而影响上市公司资本结构的选择。本文首先界定了机构投资者与资本结构的概念,接着综述了研究现状,最后分析了机构投资者持股对资本结构的影响机理并得出一些结论。     

集中持股下的独立审计作用:基于债券市场信用评级的分析

本文基于我国债券市场1550家上市公司和非上市公司数据,从债券市场信用评级视角实证检验了独立审计在控股股东集中持股情况下的治理作用,研究发现:控股股东持股比例与高质量审计师选择之间呈倒U型关系,信用评级相应体现出了这种倒U型关系背后的信号传递动机与企业风险评估。选择不同质量的审计师向市场传递了不同的信号,造成审计师选择在信用评级方面的治理作用也存在差异。结果表明,在控股股东集中持股情况下,我国独立审计(尤其是高质量的独立审计)在债券市场仍然发挥了治理功能,能够在一定程度上降低投资者的信息不对称程度,向市场传递信号,从而提高企业的信用评级水平。     

机构投资者持股对创业板上市公司成长性的影响研究

随着机构投资者在公司治理中发挥越来越重要的作用,其对上市公司的业绩产生了越来越显著的影响。成长性是衡量创业板上市公司业绩的重要指标,本文以285家我国创业板上市公司为样本,研究了机构投资者持股对创业板上市公司成长性的影响。研究结果表明,机构投资者持股比例越高,公司成长性越高。     

中小投资者保护与审计意见决策——基于投服中心行权视角

为探讨旨在保护中小投资者权益的中证中小投资者服务中心,其持股行权政策能否通过影响审计意见决策实现维权,本文选取2014-2021年沪深A股上市公司作为样本,建立多时点双重差分模型进行研究,发现投服中心行权能通过提高审计风险降低审计报告激进度,提高发表非标准审计意见概率;尤其是在被证监会问询、投资者关注高、非“十大”事务所审计的公司中,上述关系更明显。现场方式比非现场方式、现场方式中参加股东大会比参加媒体说明会更能提高审计意见的谨慎性。投服中心行权提高的审计意见谨慎性能够降低股价崩盘风险,保护投资者权益。研究结论对评价和提高投服中心行权效果,帮助审计师正确发表审计意见,帮助投服中心优化行权方式,具有启示意义。     

机构投资者、公司治理与上市公司股利政策

本文实证研究了2001—2004年间中国证券市场中机构投资者持股、公司治理与上市公司股利政策之间的关系。针对我国特殊的股权结构制度背景下,现金股利政策的两种理论观点——“自由现金流假说“和“利益输送假说“以及在我国资本市场上呈现的“恶意派现“现象,实证检验了我国机构投资者是否能够发挥治理、监督作用。研究结果发现:在2001—2004年间,机构投资者持股公司的每股现金股利发放水平显著地高于非机构投资者持股的公司,发放现金股利公司的机构投资者的持股比例显著地高于不发放现金股利公司,公司现金股利发放水平成为投资者构建投资组合的重要标准;机构投资者的持股比例不会对上市公司的股利政策产生影响,对于我国上市公司近年来出现的“恶意派现“现象,机构投资者发挥了其监督治理职能,机构投资者持股比例越高,上市公司发生“恶意派现“的可能性越小。     

机构投资者对创业板公司治理及价值表现之影响研究

本文以创业板上市公司和机构投资者为研究对象,研究机构投资者与上市公司治理和价值的双向影响。研究表明,创业板上市公司治理和机构投资者之间是良性循环,即机构投资者能改善上市公司的治理水平和价值表现,同时被改善治理水平和价值的上市公司会吸引更多的机构投资者持股。该研究不仅在理论上对创业板机构投资者的作用进行了肯定,也为我国监管机构如何促进机构投资者的发展提出相应的政策建议。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.     

Commodity financialization and sector ETFs: Evidence from crude oil futures

We investigate the diversification benefits of energy assets in the setting of commodity financialization using data on crude oil futures and Sector ETFs (SPDRs). Correlations between commodities and financial assets increased during the post-Commodity Futures Modernization Act (CFMA)/commodity bull cycle period, resulting in lower benefits of diversification. However, we find that conditional correlations between crude oil futures and sector ETFs meaningfully increased only since the 2008–09 financial crisis. The results therefore suggest that the financial crisis, rather than CFMA regulation, explains changes in the diversification benefits of commodities. Moreover, we find that oil futures returns are less correlated with SPDRs than with the S&P index. Thus, energy futures, and crude oil in particular, offer the potential for diversification benefits in sector-style investing.     

Dutch accounting in Japan 1609-1850: isolation or observation?

The trading station or factory maintained by the Dutch East India Company (VOC) was Japan's sole window on the Western world during most of the Tokugawa period (1600-1868). While many aspects of the factory's role in Dutch/Japanese cultural exchange have been researched little is known in the West of the accounting at the factory. This paper considers the possibility that double-entry bookkeeping employed by the Dutch may have been diffused to the Japanese. The available evidence is synthesized after considering the accounting system in the Dutch factory.