基于DEA评价模型的我国国际机场效率分析

文章以2011年我国民航运输量排名前30位的国际机场为样本,每个机场分别选取3个投入指标和产出指标,进行模型构建和数据分析。总样本数为180个,通过数据包络分析(Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA)方法和常用的评估技术有效和规模有效的CCR模型。评估我国国际机场总体的运营效率值和我国机场的效率优化,分析影响我国不同区域机场效率差异的相关因素,并指出运营无效的主要原因及提高效率的途径。结果显示我国大多数机场属于运营无效,其中,机场运营无效源于纯技术无效或规模无效。最后针对不同类型机场给出了提高效率的建议。     

The directional profit efficiency measure: on why profit inefficiency is either technical or allocative

The directional distance function encompasses Shephard’s input and output distance functions and also allows nonradial projections of the assessed firm onto the frontier of the technology in a preassigned direction. However, the criteria underlying the choice of its associated directional vector are numerous. When market prices are observed and firms have a profit maximizing behavior, it seems natural to choose as the directional vector that projecting inefficient firms towards profit maximizing benchmarks. Based on that choice of directional vector, we introduce the directional profit efficiency measure and show that, in this general setting, profit inefficiency can be categorized as either technical, for firms situated within the interior of the technology, or allocative, for firms lying on the frontier. We implement and illustrate the analytical model by way of Data Envelopment Analysis techniques, and introduce the necessary optimization programs for profit inefficiency measurement.     

Technical efficiency and the competitive behavior of hospitals

This paper examines whether the competitive behavior of hospitals influences the extent to which their productive efficiency deviates from best-practice standards. An index of technical inefficiency is constructed by means of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) for 189 acute-care hospitals in the State of Florida in 1989. A regression model is then specified that estimates the impact of competitive dynamics in local hospital markets over the period 1982–1988 on these 1989 DEA efficiency scores, controlling for a set uf internal and external constraints on managerial decision making. Among other things, the empirical analysis shows that these ratings are systematically accounted for by both the nature and vigor of hospital competition, with price leaders in highly competitive markets in particular shown to be more efficient. The public policy implications of these findings are discussed.     

我国大陆主要集装箱港口相对有效性评价

以数据包络分析(DEA)的BC2模型为基础,选取泊位长度、堆场面积和桥吊数量为输入项,吞吐量为输出项,从定量角度对我国大陆主要集装箱港口的相对有效性进行了评价。结合评价结果,对各港口的有效和无效原因做了初步的分析。     

Stochastic non-smooth envelopment of data: semi-parametric frontier estimation subject to shape constraints

The field of productive efficiency analysis is currently divided between two main paradigms: the deterministic, nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the parametric Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA). This paper examines an encompassing semiparametric frontier model that combines the DEA-type nonparametric frontier, which satisfies monotonicity and concavity, with the SFA-style stochastic homoskedastic composite error term. To estimate this model, a new two-stage method is proposed, referred to as Stochastic Non-smooth Envelopment of Data (StoNED). The first stage of the StoNED method applies convex nonparametric least squares (CNLS) to estimate the shape of the frontier without any assumptions about its functional form or smoothness. In the second stage, the conditional expectations of inefficiency are estimated based on the CNLS residuals, using the method of moments or pseudolikelihood techniques. Although in a cross-sectional setting distinguishing inefficiency from noise in general requires distributional assumptions, we also show how these can be relaxed in our approach if panel data are available. Performance of the StoNED method is examined using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Estimating DEA technical and allocative inefficiency using aggregate cost or revenue data

In this paper, we address the question of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) evaluation of efficiency when aggregate cost or revenue data must be used. We show that the DEA technical inefficiency measure using total revenues as the single output variable or total costs as the single input variable equals the aggregate technical and allocative inefficiency. We employ this result to estimate allocative inefficiency and construct statistical tests of the null hypothesis of no allocative inefficiency analogous to those of the null hypothesis of no scale inefficiency. We illustrate our method using revenue and personnel data for the top U.S. public accounting firms over 1995–1998. Our empirical results indicate the existence of statistically significant allocative inefficiency in the public accounting industry.

商业银行运营特征的DEA估计研究

数据包络分析是一种评价决策单元相对效率的有效工具,商业银行是数据包络分析方法的重要应用领域。之前的文献一般都集中于对商业银行的技术效率评价进行研究,而本文对商业银行的技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率、成本效率、投入配置效率、收益效率与产出配置效率的评价方法作了系统性的研究。     

研发创新绩效评价的国际比较研究

本文运用超效率DEA方法,建立统一的投入产出指标体系,对不同国家1998～2005年的研发创新活动进行效率评价。通过计算Malmquist指数,分析了各国的技术进步和技术效率、规模效率的变动情况。研究结果表明,大多数国家的研发创新主要依靠规模效率推动。我国的技术进步效率不高,应重点加强研发活动中的技术进步,并逐步提高研发投入的规模。     

Managerial and program inefficiency for European meat manufacturing firms: A dynamic multidirectional inefficiency analysis approach

This paper proposes a dynamic multidirectional inefficiency analysis approach within the context of Data Envelopment Analysis to measuring input- and investment-specific managerial and program inefficiency for groups of firms characterized by different technologies. Dynamic managerial inefficiency refers to the distance to the firms’ group-specific dynamic frontier of best practices, and dynamic program inefficiency measures the difference between the group-specific dynamic frontier and the pooled dynamic frontier. The empirical application focuses on panel data of large meat processing firms in Eastern, Western and Southern Europe over the period 2005–2012. The results show that Eastern European firms have the highest dynamic managerial inefficiency for all inputs, but have the smallest values for dynamic program inefficiency. Western European firms perform worst in terms of program inefficiency for all inputs, while Southern European firms are the best with regard to dynamic managerial inefficiency. The results also reveal that regardless the dynamic inefficiency dimension considered, investments is the most inefficient input, followed by labor, and materials.     

Using DEA to Identify and Manage Congestion

This paper deals with identifying and managing congestion. For this purpose, DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) is used to identify congestion when the data show it to be present, estimate its amounts, and separate it from other forms of inefficiency. DEA is also used to identify where improvements may be made in the management of congestion and to estimate input decreases and output increases that may be made after managerial inefficiencies in managing congestion are eliminated. The treatment here differs from the usual approaches that are restricted to identifying sources and amounts of technical inefficiency and congestion to be eliminated. The focus is directed rather to efficiency of performances in the presence of inefficiencies imposed by, say, labor contracts or government regulations and policies. Other developments include a use of rates of substitution formulated in terms of slack variables that help to avoid instabilities associated with the very small values that are often encountered in the use of dual variables to determine the rates of substitution. These rates of substitution are intended for use in guiding allocations (or reallocations) of inputs between different plants (or other entities) in ways that can further improve performance without reducing the congesting inputs that are to be employed. Hence modifications are needed to extend the usual restrictions to movements on the efficiency frontier so that frontiers associated with congestion and other inefficiencies can be dealt with.     

Disentangling the efficiency drivers in country-level global health programs: An empirical study

Motivated by the cost reductions and outcome improvements generated by benchmarking in many industries, we focus on in-country global health programs to identify and quantify opportunities for process improvement. We empirically study the major efficiency drivers of reproductive health (RH) country programs in Sub-Saharan Africa sponsored by international funding organizations. To ensure a level playing field for comparison across countries, we quantify the impact of cross-country heterogeneity and random shocks on the efficiency of RH programs. To analyze these relationships and isolate the effects attributable to managerial inefficiency, we use a three-stage Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA)/Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) model. We show the impact of environmental factors on program efficiency, linking policy making decisions with operational and health outcome performance. We also show that donor fragmentation negatively impacts managerial efficiency, and we suggest actions to mitigate this effect. We then provide a way to improve performance through benchmarking efforts within groups of countries and present an initial prototype of such efforts.     

中国艺术表演企业的效率现状及动态效率评价

利用数据包络分析(DEA)和Malmquist生产率指数对我国艺术表演企业2004-2009年的经营效率及其变动进行分析。结果表明,中国艺术表演企业整体运营效率较高,但内部差异较大,存在不平衡特征;大多数企业存在严重的投入拥挤与产出不足现象;我国艺术表演企业纯技术效率出现下降趋势。这些给我们的启示是:要从根本上提高艺术表演企业经营效率必须合理整合企业资源,防止行业规模的盲目扩大。     

基于数据包络方法的2010年会计师事务所经营效率分析

本文运用数据包络分析方法中基于输入的CCR模型和BCC模型,对2010年会计师事务所的主要投入产出数据进行效率分析,从整体上分析目前我国会计师事务所的运营效率。通过研究发现,一部分会计师事务所已经达到规模效益,但是还有很多会计师事务所在技术和规模上都没有达到理想的水平,在经营效率上还需要很大的改进。     

Revisiting the decomposition of cost efficiency for non-homothetic technologies: a directional distance function approach

In the early 1980’s Kopp and Diewert proposed a popular method to decompose cost efficiency into allocative and technical efficiency for parametric functional forms based on the radial approach initiated by Farrell. We show that, relying on recently proposed homogeneity and duality results, their approach is unnecessary for self-dual homothetic production functions, while it is inconsistent in the non-homothetic case. By stressing that for homothetic technologies the radial distance function can be correctly interpreted as a technical efficiency measure, since allocative efficiency is independent of the output level and radial input reductions leave it unchanged, we contend that for non-homothetic technologies this is not the case because optimal input demands depend on the output targeted by the firm, as does the inequality between marginal rates of substitution and market prices—allocative inefficiency. We demonstrate that a correct definition of technical efficiency corresponds to the directional distance function because its flexibility ensures that allocative efficiency is kept unchanged through movements in the input production possibility set when solving technical inefficiency, and therefore the associated cost reductions can be solely—and rightly—ascribed to technical-engineering-improvements. The new methodology allowing for a consistent decomposition of cost inefficiency is illustrated resorting to simple examples of non-homothetic production functions.     

Labor productivity convergence in the Kansas farm sector: a three-stage procedure using data envelopment analysis and semiparametric regression analysis

This paper employs a three stage procedure to investigate labor productivity growth and convergence in the Kansas farm sector for a balanced panel of 564 farms for the period 1993?C2007. In the first stage, Data Envelopment Analysis is used to compute technical efficiency indices. In the second stage, labor productivity growth is decomposed into components attributable to efficiency change, technical change, and factor intensity. The third stage employs both parametric and semiparametric regression analyses to investigate convergence in labor productivity growth and the contribution of each of the three components to the convergence process. Factor intensity and efficiency change are found to be sources of labor productivity convergence while technical change is found to be a source of divergence. Policies that encourage investment in capital goods may help to mitigate disparities in labor productivity across the farm sector.     

2005年-2011年间我国矿业生产效率分析——基于DEA模型的Malmqusit指数实证分析

本文采用了2005年至2011年共7年的相关投入产出指标,使用数据包络分析的Malmqusit指数模型,对矿业的Malmqusit生产率指数进行测度,认为我国矿业的生产效率除2008-2009年间外均存在上升的趋势;然后对其进行RD分解,得到综合技术效率变动、技术进步、纯技术效率变动、规模报酬变动四个不同的指标值,认为生产效率改进的主要原因是技术进步效率的提升,而综合技术效率变动、纯技术效率变动、规模报酬则拖累了生产效率,随后分析了四个不同指标值的经济含义。     

The Solow residual,Domar aggregation,and inefficiency: a synthesis of TFP measures

We consolidate and interrelate the four main approaches to the measurement and decomposition of total factor productivity growth, namely Solow’s residual analysis, the index number approach, Data Envelopment Analysis, and Domar aggregation. Two new results link the general technology TFP growth measure to the industry Solow residuals and inefficiency.     

The Relationship Between Stock Market Returns and Technical Efficiency Innovations: Evidence from the US Airline Industry

This paper analyzes the association between two firm performance measures: stock market returns and relative technical efficiency. Using linear programming techniques (Data Envelopment Analysis and Free Disposal Hull), technical efficiencies are calculated for a panel of eleven US airlines observed quarterly from 1970–1990. A relationship, between efficiency news in a quarter and stock market performance in the following two months, is found. A risky arbitrage portfolio strategy, of buying firms with the most positive efficiency news and short-selling those with the worst news during this time frame, results in zero beta risk yet yields annual returns of 17% and 18% for the two methodologies.     

基于DEA的供应链效率评价研究

为有效提高供应链效率,运用数据包络分析(Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA)方法,构建供应链系统数据包络(Data Envelopment Analysis-Supply Chain All,DEA-SCA)评价模型;使用DEAP2.1仿真软件平台对卷烟14条供应链系统进行数据计算仿真,量化供应链系统整体效率。仿真结果表明:较传统的DEA-CCR效率分析,DEA-SCA效率评价模型能够有效甄别供应链上下游组织中存在的问题;提高供应链系统的整体效率。     

Eco-efficiency analysis of consumer durables using absolute shadow prices

We develop a method for eco-efficiency analysis of consumer durables that is based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). In contrast to previous product efficiency studies, we consider the measurement problem from the policy perspective. The innovation of the paper is to measure efficiency in terms of absolute shadow prices that are optimized endogenously within the model to maximize efficiency of the good. Thus, the efficiency measure has a direct economic interpretation as a monetary loss due to inefficiency, expressed in some currency unit. The advantages as well as technical differences between the proposed approach and the traditional production-side methods are discussed in detail. We illustrate the approach by an application to eco-efficiency evaluation of Sport Utility Vehicles.