Order of entry and performance in international markets

The inter-market and intra-market orders of entry and their performance consequences are examined for an industrial product. First entrants consist typically of both multinational and local firms, while early followers are multinational firms, and later entrants are smaller, local firms. A strong order of entry-market share relationship is observed in international markets. First entrants and later entrants outsurvive early followers. The analysis reveals a strategy for achieving both first-entry into many markets and dominance within those markets. Simultaneous entry into multiple markets occurs infrequently and in mature stages of the product life-cycle.     

Acquisitions versus greenfield investments: international strategy and management of entry modes

This paper adds an important explanatory variable to the well‐established list of factors shown to influence the choice between foreign acquisitions and greenfield investments: the international strategy followed by the multinational company (MNC) in question. The MNC's international strategy is subsequently linked to the management of the two different entry modes by showing that differences in strategy are reflected in different headquarters—subsidiary relationships for acquisitions and greenfields. Some aspects of this relationship are also shown to change over time, a process that is mediated by the MNC's strategy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Getting there in a global industry: Impacts on performance of changing international presence

We investigate the effects of increasing and decreasing international presence on market share and survival in the American medical diagnostic imaging equipment industry. Imaging equipment manufacturers possessing international medical operations tend to achieve superior market share and longer survival, but we find that attempting to become an international medical player is risky. Both increasing and decreasing international presence have negative associations with survival, while decreased internationalization is associated with decreased American market share. Brief case studies suggest that the ingredients for success in internationalization may include preparedness, focused management, and learning from international experience.     

Financial performance and survival of multinational corporations in China

This study investigates the impact of entry timing, mode of entry, market focus, and location advantages on the financial performance and survival of multinational corporations (MNCs) in China. Three major results were found. First, MNCs that entered China in an earlier year had a higher level of profit than those that entered in a later year. Second, equity joint ventures (EJVs) had a higher profit level than cooperative operations or wholly foreign‐owned subsidiaries. Third, MNCs that utilized well the location advantages in China had a higher profit. We also found that EJVs were more likely to survive compared to cooperative operations, while wholly owned subsidiaries did not differ from EJVs. The findings are based on a 2‐year study of about 1000 MNC operations in China. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

How marketing capabilities and current performance drive strategic intentions in international markets

Drawing from two strategic views of the firm—the capability-based view and performance-feedback theory—this study examines the role of both marketing capabilities and current market performance as potential influencers of two key aspects of the intended future competitive strategy of firms operating in international markets: efficiency and marketing differentiation. Hypotheses are developed and tested in a survey of a sample of British exporting manufacturers. The findings are supportive of a more prominent role of marketing capabilities over recent market performance on future strategic intentions in export markets. Additional analyses of firms with an already established market position reveal a clear effect of informational capability on marketing differentiation and of product development capability and current market performance on efficiency intentions. We also find that target international market competitive intensity is a direct driver of efficiency-related but not differentiation-related strategic intentions.     

Product diversification in international joint ventures: performance implications in an emerging market

This study extends product diversification research to a new organizational form (IJV) and a new environmental context (emerging market). It explores the extent to which product relatedness with both foreign and local parents affects IJV performance as perceived by venture managers. After controlling for relevant variables, analysis of the data containing 134 IJVs in China validates our major premise: the relatedness of an IJV's products with that of its foreign and local parents is positively associated with its performance. An IJV maintaining bilateral related diversification (i.e., with both parents) performs better than a venture maintaining a unilateral related linkage (i.e., with one parent), which in turn outperforms an IJV which is unrelated to either parent. When resource complementarity or goal congruity between parents is higher, there is a stronger positive relationship between product relatedness and IJV performance. When structural opportunities are fewer or institutional deterrence is higher, there is a weaker positive relationship between product relatedness and IJV performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mode of entry and ex-post performance

In this study I develop and empirically test hypotheses delineating how a set of industry- and firm-level factors are differentially associated with postentry performance of de novo and acquisitive entrants. First, I conceptualize structural entry barriers as sunk costs or irrecoverable investments that entrants must make in the entered industry to be competitive vis-à-vis incumbents. I then argue that de novo and acquisitive entrants differ in three important ways: (1) incremental vs. up-front sunk cost investments in overcoming impediments to entry; (2) increasing productive capacity vs. changing ownership in the entered industry; and (3) low vs. high costs of integration when realizing synergies with parent firms. I use the Trinet, FTC-ALB, and Compustat data bases to construct a sample comprising de novo and acquisitive entries made during the period 1980–82. Next, I evaluate postentry survival and growth between 1982 and 1986. Overall, empirical tests provided partial support for the hypotheses, and the explained variance in my models ranged from 17 percent to 37 percent. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The choice of entry mode in sequential foreign direct investment

Relatively few studies have examined the importance of an entry's sequential position to the choice of foreign entry mode. We use a dynamic model to analyze sequential entries into the United States from 1975 to 1992. Our findings show that several independent variables which explain a firm's initial mode of entry do not explain the modes of subsequent entries. These findings underscore the importance of experience in foreign investment, as companies learn from early entries and adapt the modes of subsequent ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The timing of market entry and firm performance: A perspective of institutional theory

Integrating literature from institutional theory with that from market entry research, we study the effects of a firm's early marketing entry on other firms' behaviors and performances. In addition, we also consider the moderating effect of other institutional factors, such as the firms' home-country culture and institutional environments in an emerging economy. Based on a review of all the relevant research, we develop a theoretical model with testable hypotheses. With empirical data from multi-national enterprises (MNEs) competing in China's insurance-service market, we test the hypotheses. Our data analyses show evidence that, other things being equal, early market entry can cause institutional imitation, in terms of market diversification, among imitators. At the same time, the imitation can be moderated by the home-country culture of the MNEs. In addition, the imitation of early market entry firms has some significant effects on the performance of imitators, including less deviation from the industry norm and better financial performance.     

全球化战略决策中高管团队的国际化角色：国外市场进入模式

海外扩张的模式是决策制定者协商的结果,高管团队（TMT）在此类型的决策过程中起到了重要的作用。通过整合市场准入模式理论与高层梯队理论,并结合组织国际化相关的因素后发现,TMT跨国经验和TMT国籍多样性在组织国际化战略决策中充当着不同的,甚至是相反的角色。在分析了100多个公司近7年的数据后,得出TMT跨国经验与全面控制型市场进入模式正相关、TMT国籍多样性与合作控制式市场进入模式正相关两个重要结果。因此,跨国经验能够通过出国实践获得,但这种经验在某种程度上受到自身国籍影响。人力资源管理实践旨在通过外派出国来获得国际经验的方式,还要认识到拥有这种经历的人不能替代高管团队中所有的外国国籍的人。     

中国企业海外市场进入模式选择研究

海外市场进入模式选择是企业国际化战略决策的核心内容。进入模式选择的科学与否.直接影响企业的国际化经营绩效。传统的经济学选择模型都是从"经济效益最大化"角度出发。构筑"成本一收益"分析框架,这对于发达国家跨国公司有一定指导意义;然而对于中国这样的发展中国家,多数企业还处在国际化的初级阶段,它们进入海外市场的动因很大程度上是为了学习先进的技术和管理经验.企业的进入模式选择必须考虑特定战略动因的实现。针对中国企业的实际情况,本文构造了一个分层次树型选择模型和动态的多目标进入模式决策模型.以期对中国企业的海外市场进入模式选择有所启示。     

国际工程承包企业如何面对WTO的机遇和挑战

我国加入WTO给国际工程承包企业带来了更多的机遇,根据市场互换原则,建筑市场对等开放,我国国际工程承包企业承揽国内外的外资工程项目的机会增多,同时国际合作也将大大加强,但带来机遇的同时,也带来了挑战,同行业竞争更加激烈,经营机制不适应,复合型人才匮乏等等,本就我国国际工程承包企业如何面对加入WTO带来的机遇和挑战,如何大力发展我国国际工程承包事业进行了探讨。     

利用外资仍要坚持数量与质量并重

国际直接投资新一轮增长和国际产业转移新高潮为中国参与全球经济合作与竞争提供了前所未有的历史机遇,中国经济正处于关键转型期,进一步积极有效利用外资,应包括数量增长和质量提高两方面,才能适应国际投资环境的新变化和我国经济科学发展的新要求。因此,中国应继续完善投资环境,从法律层面、制度层面、政策层面、管理层面、服务层面为继续积极有效利用外资创造良好的条件,通过量的增长和质的提高,使外资在提升中国开放型经济水平、激励自主创新、推动产业升级、促进区域协调发展以及构建和谐社会等方面发挥积极作用。     

中国煤炭企业外汇风险案例分析及风险管理策略研究

以我国煤炭龙头企业外汇风险为案例,对企业经营中涉及的所有外汇风险点进行了全面分析,并针对这些风险点给出合理的风险管理策略建议。     

2011年国际大石油公司经营业绩与战略动向

2011年,国际油价大幅攀升,受此影响,国际大石油公司经营业绩大幅提升,营业收入和净利润达到或超过金融危机前水平;油气产量出现不同程度下降,但得益于油气价格上涨,上游经营利润普遍大幅度增长,上游板块占经营利润总额的比例超过了80％;原油加工量和油品销量下降,但因炼化毛利上涨,下游利润大幅增长;上游生产成本达到近年来最高水平,未来仍面临较大的成本上升压力.未来,国际大石油公司将保持高水平的投资规模,并继续向上游倾斜;多渠道充实资源基础,积极发展非常规资源,继续扩大天然气业务;将以效益最大化为核心,不断优化资产结构,巩固竞争优势;同时,不断加强与资源国及新兴市场国家大型石油公司的合作,建立全方位、多层次、多模式的新型战略合作关系.     

Absorptive capacity,learning, and performance in international joint ventures

This paper proposes and tests a model of IJV learning and performance that segments absorptive capacity into the three components originally proposed by Cohen and Levinthal (1990). First, trust between an IJV's parents and the IJV's relative absorptive capacity with its foreign parent are suggested to influence its ability to understand new knowledge held by foreign parents. Second, an IJV's learning structures and processes are proposed to influence its ability to assimilate new knowledge from those parents. Third, the IJV's strategy and training competence are suggested to shape its ability to apply the assimilated knowledge. Revisiting the Hungarian IJVs studied by Lyles and Salk (1996) 3 years later, we find support for the knowledge understanding and application predictions, and partial support for the knowledge assimilation prediction. Unexpectedly, our results suggest that trust and management support from foreign parents are associated with IJV performance but not learning. Our model and results offer a new perspective on IJV learning and performance as well as initial insights into how those relationships change over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Net entry behaviour in Greek manufacturing: consumer, intermediate and capital goods industries

This research explores the nature and causes of net entry of firms in three groups of Greek manufacturing industries–consumer, intermediate and capital goods. The research questions whether or not the determinants of net entry rates across sectors are different. Econometric analyses reveal that, indeed, there are significant differences in the determinants of net entry rates across industry groups, but also there is strong within-group correlation across sectors.     

Creating barriers for foreign competitors: a study of the impact of anti-dumping actions on the performance of U.S. firms

This study investigates whether anti-dumping statutes are effective at improving the performance of U.S. firms. As international trade grows and competitors increasingly cross national borders to enter new markets, U.S. trade law becomes a potentially important tool for managers as they consider how to create barriers for foreign competitors. The results of this study suggest that the anti-dumping laws significantly increase returns of U.S. firms that pursue anti-dumping protection. The average petitioner between 1980 and 1992 received a $46 million increase in market value as a result of filing an anti-dumping petition. However, no significant change in market value was associated with preliminary or final determinations of the International Trade Commission, except when petitions received a negative determination at the final stage of the process. A negative determination at the final stage of the process resulted in a loss of market value. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.