小农户与现代销售渠道选择——来自中国梨园的经验数据

基于梨农入户调查数据,对选择传统销售渠道和现代销售渠道的农户进行的对比分析,以及通过构建Probit模型对销售渠道选择决定因素进行的实证研究表明,梨园面积较大、农业资产更加丰富的农户更容易选择现代销售渠道。也就是说,农产品现代销售渠道往往设置了种植规模和农业资产门槛,有可能将小规模贫穷农户排除在现代销售渠道之外。但小规模农户可通过加入农民专业合作社等方式来提高自己的组织化程度,进而提高自己加入现代销售渠道的可能性。因此,政府在制定农产品流通政策,推进农超对接等工程时,不可操之过急。政府应不断引导农民加入农民专业合作组织,规范农业合作组织,克服小农户分散经营的局限性,提高组织化程度和组织运行效率。政策制定部门要创造条件引导农民加入合作社或利用行业协会来提高农民的组织化程度,增加农民与现代销售渠道谈判的力量,同时规范农民专业合作组织运行机制,让合作组织真正成为分散小农户的利益代表。     

农民专业合作社:农民组织化提升的新基地

农民组织化是发展乡村政治、构建乡村秩序的根本路径。农民专业合作社是提升农民组织化程度的新载体、新基地。农民通过参与合作社组织生活,可以激发合作意识,培育一致行动能力,提升组织生活绩效,最终提升农民群体的对话能力,保障农民群体的利益,实现乡村社会秩序的重构。     

规范合作社制度和对传统供销社改造的思考

党的十六大报告提出，积极推进农业产业化经营，提高农民进入市场的组织化程度和农业综合效益，建立健全农业社会化服务体系。我们要使供销社实现中央的要求，既成为有效提高农业组织化程度的主体，又成为建立健全农业社会化服务体     

农民理性及其合作行为问题的研究述评——兼论农民“善分不善合”

农民组织化就是农户通过各种组织形式实现联合和合作的过程,提高农民组织化程度是解决我国"三农"问题的现实有效途径。然而,在国内,农民"善分不善合"的命题却长期困扰着人们。显然,研究农民组织化问题必须有赖于对农民理性及其合作行为等基本问题的认识与判断,为此,有必要对相关的基础性研究成果进行梳理。本文认为,理性农民合作行为是其合作意愿与合作能力统一的结果,政府的有效参与是建立农民合作经济组织的现实选择;同时,本文也对农民"善分不善合"观点进行了分析。     

泾川县农民专业经济合作组织建设情况调查

近年来，甘肃省泾川县大力发展农民专业经济合作组织提高农业组织化程度，农民专业经济合作组织在进一步延伸产业链条，提高农业组织化程度，努力增加农民收入等方面发挥了积极作用。     

黑龙江省农民合作组织存在的问题与发展对策

发展农民合作组织,可以提高农民的组织化程度,解决家庭分散经营的弊端,促进农业增效、农民增收,推动农村经济发展。黑龙江省农民合作组织发展中存在着农民认识不足,合作组织规模小、运做不规范等问题。应加强农民合作组织自身建设,加大政府扶持力度,加强资金支持、重视人才培养等,促进农民合作组织健康发展。     

试析提高农民组织化程度的途径

改革开放后,家庭联产承包责任制作为农村改革的一项主要内容,极大地促进了我国农村生产力的发展,为我国农村的发展起到了极其重要的作用。但是,这种分散的以家庭为单位的农业生产方式,使农民成为分散和孤立的个体,致使农民组织化程度一直以来处于较低水平。虽然近年来我国农民组织化程度得到了一定程度的提高,但总体上看,我国当前的农民组织化还处于较低水平,远远不能适应社会主义新农村建设总体目标的要求。在经济全球化的背景下,没有组织化的单个农民,很难融入现代政治与经济生活中去。因此,在社会主义新农村的建设进程中,必须进一步提高农民组织化程度,让农民依法、有序、自主地参与经济、政治、文化和社会生活,更好地实现和保护自身利益。一、当前我国农民组织化现状(一)农民政治组织化仍处于较低水平尽管我国《村民委员会组织法》已实施多年,农村民主政治建设也取得了长足进步,但是,村民自治建设没有使村民获得真正的自治,具体地表现在:其一,村民委员会缺乏草根基础。作为国家政权组织延伸的体制状况和行政化倾向没有得到根本改变,村委会没有切实履行作为村民的“代理人”的义务,没能有效保护和代表村民利益;其二,村民会议是村民自治组织系统中的最高权力机构,事实上大...     

从经济意义上浅析农民组织化问题

农民增收困难是我国当前农业和农村工作面临的最突出问题,而影响农民收入增长的重要原因之一就是农民的组织化程度低。本文先从微观角度说明加强农民组织化程度的必要性,再在成本收益分析的基础上证明农民组织起来的有效性,随后笔者对农民组织化的形式进行了探讨。     

持续发展西部地区农民组织化程度的途径

我国西部地区农民合作经济组织与全国乃至东部发达地区相比,整体组织化程度较低。本文分析了我国西部地区农民组织化程度低的具体表现,提出了进一步提高农民组织化程度的途径。     

济宁市农村专业合作组织发展状况的调查与思考

随着经济全球化和市场一体化，农村经济体制改革不断深化，农民群众一家一户的小生产与大市场的矛盾日益突出，农民增收难度不断加大；农业生产组织化程度低，进入市场难的问题日渐显现。培育新型农业社会化服务组织，加快发展农民专业合作经济组织，对于提高农民组织化程度，增强抵御风险能力，推进农业产业化进程，促进农民增收具有重要意义，也是完善农村市场经济体制和现代农业的迫切要求。     

Ethical Decisions About Sharing Music Files in the P2P Environment

Digitized information and network have made an enormous impact on the music and movie industries. Internet piracy is popular and has greatly threatened the companies in these industries. This study tests Hunt-Vitell’s ethical decision model and attempts to understand why and how people share unauthorized music files with others in the peer-to-peer (P2P) network. The norm of anti-piracy, the ideology of free software, the norm of reciprocity, and the ideology of consumer rights are proposed as four deontological norms related to using P2P systems. The model is tested using a scenario survey with four alternatives; the results indicate that the deontological norm of anti-piracy is not a main factor in affecting P2P users’ ethical considerations regarding sharing files with others. This finding suggests that to protect their property rights, record companies should try to realize the consumer benefits brought via new digital and network technology, instead of simply declaring their intellectual property and resisting the innovations resulting from new technologies.     

To Avenge or Not to Avenge? Exploring the Interactive Effects of Moral Identity and the Negative Reciprocity Norm

Across three studies, the authors examine the interactive effects of moral identity and the negative reciprocity norm in predicting revenge. The general argument is that moral identity provides the motivational impetus for individuals’ responses, whereas the normative framework that people adopt as a basis for guiding moral action (e.g., negative reciprocity norm) influences the direction of the response. Results indicated that moral identity and the negative reciprocity norm significantly interacted to predict revenge. More specifically, the symbolization dimension of moral identity interacted with the negative reciprocity norm to predict revenge when individuals were the targets of mistreatment, whereas the internalization dimension of moral identity interacted with the negative reciprocity norm to predict revenge when individuals were the observers of mistreatment. Theoretical implications related to the differences between the symbolization and internalization dimensions of moral identity, the importance of examining normative frameworks, and the functionality of revenge are discussed.     

Exploring the forms of dysfunctional customer behaviour: A study of differences in servicescape and customer disaffection with service

Abstract

Although wide agreement exists between scholars and marketing practitioners concerning the prevalence of dysfunctional customer behaviour, to date empirical research into this phenomenon is lacking. This article aims to identify empirically grounded categories of dysfunctional customer behaviours and examine the extent to which customers' perceptions of physical servicescape environments, social facets of servicescape, and customer disaffection with service differ for each category. Based on a quantitative sample of 380 consumer perpetrators, cluster analysis reveals three clusters of dysfunctional customer behaviour forms labelled ‘petty norm infringements’, ‘felonious norm infringements’, and ‘belligerent norm infringements’. Subsequent variance analysis assesses the perceived differences between perceived physical servicescape, social servicescape, and customer disaffection for each identified form cluster. Specifically, the study findings reveal statistically significant differences between the forms of dysfunctional customer behaviour that are perpetrated across different service environments. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the study for theorists and practitioners.     

Comedic violence in advertising: the role of normative beliefs and intensity of violence

Interest in the use of comedic violence in advertising has risen, but the research on this topic has been limited. Past studies have found positive effects of comedic violence in ads, with higher levels of violence increasing positive responses. However, given that the violence depicted in these ads is a violation of social norms, following the Social Norms Theory, it is proposed that individual norm beliefs about violence in advertising could be a significant factor in influencing ad outcome. Using an online panel of general consumers across two experiments, this study revealed that norm beliefs had a positive influence on comedic violence ad responses. In addition, when violence intensities of the ads were varied, individuals with lower norm beliefs responded more positively to low violence ads than high violence ads, whereas individuals with higher norm beliefs did not exhibit different responses to the two violence intensities. Mediation analyses were conducted to test for the underlying mechanisms. As comedic violence advertising may offend audiences, the findings provide targeting and design implications for advertisers interested in this strategy.     

Government connections and the persistence of profitability: Evidence from Chinese listed firms

We find that state owned enterprises (SOEs hereafter) have lower (higher) mean-reverting rates when profitability is better (worse) than the norm; while non-SOEs with politically connected executives have lower (higher) mean-reverting rates when profitability is extremely better (worse) than the norm. In addition, SOEs controlled by the central government have lower mean-reverting rates than those controlled by local governments. Our results are robust to a series of robustness tests and a test using alternative measures of profitability. We argue that government connections help firms maintain a relatively competitive advantage and thus have an important influence on mean-reverting patterns of profitability for Chinese firms.     

企业组织资本、战略前瞻性与企业绩效:基于中国企业的实证研究

Organizational capital is an institutional arrangement in a firm’s production and management activities, which helps integrate all resources in the firm and affect the firm’s strategic choice and performance. This paper classifies organizational capital into three subtypes, namely power orientated capital, norm orientated capital and knowledge orientated capital. Moreover, strategic proactiveness is also brought into this influencing process. Results show that strategic proactiveness fully mediates the effect of power orientated capital on firm performance, but partially mediates that of norm orientated capital. It is also found that neither power nor norm orientated capital affects innovative performance, whereas knowledge orientated capital affects directly both financial performance and innovative performance. The significance of this research is to provide a meaningful supplement to the theory of decision-making-process for the top management team. Suggestions on how to cultivate organizational capital are provided for Chinese enterprises. __________ Translated and revised from Guanli shijie 管理世界 (Management World), 2007, (5): 83–93     

Modernity and the Singaporean adolescent

This article investigates the effects of modernity on the purchase intentions of Singaporean adolescents. As a component of subjective norms, modernity had a positive impact on the purchase intention for party clothes among Singaporean Chinese teens. It was also found that the socioeconomic and cultural dimensions of modernity interacted with attitude and subjective norm. Specifically, attitude had a greater effect and subjective norm had less influence on the purchase intention for party clothes among more modern teens who resided in private homes and were English speaking than those who lived in public housing and were non‐English speaking. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Learning by doing - frequency of exhibiting at UK trade exhibitions

In this paper, an exploratory qualitative study of the communication between packages and consumers found a recurring theme of duplicity in consumers' interpretations of product labelling and packaging. Therefore, a normative framework is proposed to guide the design of effective communication in product packaging. Based on Habermas' theory of communicative competence, the framework suggests that a set of norms (i.e. the norm of truthfulness, the norm of sincerity, the norm of comprehensibility and the norm of legitimacy) can guide the complex task of designing good product packaging. By following these normative guidelines, marketers can both aggressively position their package to attract and promote, while concurrently avoiding package communication that may be construed as duplicitous. The theory provides a useful benchmark against which both public policy makers and manufacturers can evaluate the level of distortion in labelling and packaging. Consumers should benefit in terms of a clearer depiction of the product offering in the market-place. Marketers adopting these guidelines should benefit from a reduction in the level of package-generated consumer cynicism and an increased potential for enhanced long-term customer relationships.     

合同治理、信任与经销商角色外利他行为：渠道关系柔性与团结性规范的调节作用

根据复合治理理论,文章分别探讨关系型治理中的柔性规范和团结性规范作为调节因素在合同治理和信任对企业角色外利他行为影响中的调节作用以及角色外利他行为对企业自身绩效的影响。文章通过调查获得了158份来自经销商的有效问卷,应用SPSS17.0和AMOS18.0对数据进行分析并对假设进行了检验。结果表明：合同治理促进经销商角色外利他行为,柔性规范对其有正向调节作用;信任对经销商角色外利他行为有正向影响,团结性规范对其有正向调节作用;经销商的角色外利他行为对企业自身的绩效有显著促进作用。文章最后为企业的渠道管理提出了相关建议,并指出未来可能的研究方向。