中挪水产品贸易的竞争性与互补性研究

本文在概述中挪水产品贸易现状的基础上,运用市场占有率指数、显示性比较优势指数、贸易竞争优势指数和贸易互补性指数、贸易结合度指数分别对中国和挪威水产品贸易的竞争力和互补性进行实证分析。结果表明:近年来中国的水产品竞争力有下降趋势,挪威的水产品竞争力则稳步提升;两国的水产品贸易有较强的互补性,但挪威对中国的互补性更强。     

中国与东北亚主要国家农产品贸易互补性分析

本文通过引入比较优势指数、贸易互补指数和贸易强度指数三大指标，对中国与东北亚主要国家之间的双边农产品贸易进行了分析。本文通过测算发现，在中日、中俄双边农产品贸易中，中国的比较优势地位在上升，但在中韩双边农产品贸易中，中国的比较优势地位在下降。中日、中韩之间具有较强的贸易互补性，中俄之间则不具有贸易互补性。然而，就具有比较优势的农产品而言，中日之间的贸易互补性正在逐渐增强，而中韩之间的贸易互补性却在下降。进一步研究发现，中国出口至日本、韩国的那些不具有贸易互补性却有着紧密贸易联系的农产品，面临着第三方市场的竞争。     

中国与RCEP成员国农产品贸易互补性分析

在RCEP谈判取得一定进展的背景下,文章梳理了中国与RCEP成员国之间农产品贸易的规模和结构,通过显示性比较优势指数、贸易互补性指数和贸易强度指数,对中国与RCEP成员国之间农产品贸易的互补性进行了实证分析。结果显示,贸易各国具有比较优势的农产品种类差别较大,中国与RCEP各成员之间的部分农产品互补性较强,中国与日本、印度、澳大利亚、新西兰的农产品贸易关系紧密程度低于中国与东盟、韩国的农产品贸易关系紧密程度,农产品贸易还有较大的提升空间和发展潜力。因此应当加快RCEP的谈判进程,促进中国农产品贸易的发展。     

中国-东盟木质林产品贸易竞争性与互补性研究

基于UNcomtrade数据库整理的数据,分析中国与东盟木质林产品贸易状况,并利用显示性比较优势指数与贸易互补性指数分析中国与东盟木质林产品贸易的竞争性与互补性。结果表明,中国与东盟木质林产品进出口贸易总体呈增长趋势,贸易竞争性与互补性并存,木质家具、单板、人造板、木制品等劳动密集型木质林产品的竞争性大于互补性,原木、其他原材、锯材等资源密集型木质林产品互补性大于竞争性,软木及回收纸等木质林产品竞争性与互补性均不强。     

中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易现状及潜力评价基于贸易引力模型的实证研究

目的 文章利用2004—2017年乌鲁木齐海关数据,研究中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易的现状、互补性及影响因素,挖掘中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易潜力,为进一步拓展双方农产品贸易提出建议。方法 采用产业内贸易指数和引力模型进行实证分析。结果 中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易规模总体处于增长态势,但贸易联系紧密度不高;中国新疆以出口水果、蔬菜等劳动密集型农产品为主,哈萨克斯坦主要出口畜产品、棉麻丝等资源密集型农产品;农产品贸易整体属于产业内贸易,在九大类细分农产品领域存在各自竞争优势,双方贸易需求基本没有重叠,互补性较强;双方经济总量、人口规模、农产品贸易联系紧密程度、空间距离等是影响农产品双边贸易的重要因素。结论 中国新疆与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易潜力总体呈现增长趋势,尤其在“一带一路”倡议提出后,双方贸易潜力提升幅度明显。     

“一带一路”背景下中意农产品贸易竞争性与互补性分析

基于"一带一路"的合作背景,依据比较优势理论,结合显性比较优势指数(RCA)与贸易互补指数(TCI),分析中国和意大利在农产品贸易方面的竞争性及互补性。研究表明:在竞争性方面,中意之间具有比较优势的农产品在类别上并不一致;在互补性方面,中国在第3章、第5章、第7章、第13章、第16章等章的农产品出口上,对意大利市场的依赖性较强,而意大利的第19章、第22章农产品对中国市场的依赖性较强。两国在农产品贸易上的竞争性较弱而互补性较强,合作潜力较大。     

云南与东盟国家农产品贸易竞争性和互补性分析

文章利用云南与东盟十国农产品的进出口贸易往来数据，通过计算双边农产品显性比较优势指数和贸易互补性指数，分析了东盟与云南进行农产品贸易的竞争性与互补性。结果表明，云南与东盟十国在农产品上的显性比较优势具有显著差异，但是这种优势并未得到充分利用；东盟与云南在农产品上互补性显著，集中在SITC0（食品及活动物），且出口侧略高于进口侧。云南应结合不同国家的比较优势，明确农产品贸易的合作重点，在现有多边合作的基础上，更加深刻地融入国家战略，丰富合作内涵，推进双边农产品贸易往来。     

中-巴农产品贸易及巴西农产品在中国市场竞争力研究

本文运用相对贸易优势指数、贸易互补性指数、产业内贸易指数分析了中国和巴西农产品贸易的特征，并通过市场占有率和排名、贸易强度指数、贸易相似度指数对巴西农产品在中国市场的表现及竞争状况进行了分析。研究表明：巴西农产品相对贸易优势明显，中巴农产品贸易互补性强，两国农产品贸易以产业间贸易为主。文章最后对中国与巴西未来的农业合作提出了相应的对策建议。     

中澳农产品贸易的发展态势及增长潜力分析

本文采用联合国商品贸易数据库(UN Comtrade)2002-2016年的数据,对中澳农产品贸易的发展状况及增长潜力进行了实证分析,通过对中澳农产品出口的相似度指数、贸易互补性指数、贸易强度指数和相对贸易优势指数的测算得出,中澳农产品贸易存在很大的互补性,中国市场对澳大利亚农产品的依赖程度比较高,双方贸易联系紧密,未来发展潜力巨大。     

中美木质林产品贸易的竞争性与合作性分析

基于2014-2018年中美木质林产品贸易数据,通过测算显示性比较优势指数、贸易互补性指数、贸易结合度指数三个指标综合分析贸易战对中美木质林产品贸易的影响。研究结果表明中国和美国间木质林产品贸易合作性大于竞争性,在贸易战的影响下两国木质林产品产业竞争力均显著下降。总体来说,贸易战对中国木质林产品行业的现状及发展影响更大。     

Trade Creation and Diversion Effects of Preferential Trade Associations on Agricultural and Food Trade

Agricultural market distortions remain a major focus of contention in world trade negotiations. Estimates of the effects of liberalising current agricultural trade restrictions indicate an approximately $385 billion increase in global welfare, with the disproportionate share of the benefit being enjoyed by developing countries. In response to difficulties in adopting agricultural trade reforms, individual groups of countries have formed multiple bilateral and regional preferential trade agreements (PTA) to enhance trade among members. Few sectoral analyses exist of the effects on agricultural and food product trade of PTAs. This research uses a gravity model to isolate the effects of various PTAs on both intra‐ and extra‐bloc agricultural and food product trade for three time periods: 1995, 2000 and 2004. Findings strongly support PTA benefits in terms of increased intra‐bloc trade in both sectors. The findings also generally support trade creation in agricultural products. PTA membership was also associated with food trade creation in most cases, although diversion was observed for several associations composed primarily of developing countries.     

Tariff Equivalent and Forgone Trade Effects of Prohibitive Technical Barriers to Trade

We derive a method to econometrically estimate the tariff equivalent and forgone trade effects of a prohibitive technical barrier to trade (TBT) based on Wales and Woodland's Kuhn–Tucker approach to corner solutions in consumer choice. The method overcomes the lack of observed data on bilateral trade flows and accounts for differentiated goods by place of origin. We apply the derived random utility model to international trade in apples to identify the tariff equivalent of prohibitive phytosanitary barriers imposed by Australia on potential imports of New Zealand apples. We estimate the forgone apple trade between the two countries, the implied trade injury imposed by Australia on New Zealand, and the welfare loss to Australia. The removal of the Australian policy would induce net welfare gains around US$50 million annually for Australia.     

近代中国的贸易条件:一般趋势及其与农产品贸易的关系

近代中国的综合贸易条件指数整体呈下降趋势,说明中国在对外进行商品交换过程中的相对经济利益是不断下降的.贸易条件的变动受汇率和国际价格水平的影响非常小,与国内价格水平也无明显关系.贸易条件的变动主要是由贸易结构的变化引起的,茶叶和生丝等农产品贸易的衰弱是造成贸易条件下降的主要原因.     

Avocado Pests and Avocado Trade

This article evaluates the effects of a November 2004 phytosanitary rule that removed seasonal and geographic restrictions on the importation of fresh Hass avocados from approved orchards in Mexico to the United States. With the remaining systems approach compliance measures in place, pest risks do not substantially increase and U.S. net welfare rises by $77 million. Removal of remaining compliance measures may lead to lower net welfare gains depending on which measures are eliminated and the estimated probabilities of pest infestations.     

Multifunctionality and Agricultural Trade Negotiations

Differing views of multifunctionality—attributing nonmarket benefits to agricultural production—continue to be an obstacle in World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations. Some nations see multifunctionality as justifying subsidies to agricultural production; others see it as disguised protection. This paper shows that while multifunctionality never justifies trade interventions, it can justify production subsidies or taxes. Recognizing that the subsidies or taxes can be economically efficient policies, nations must precisely define and value the externalities in order to design policies and defend those interventions in the WTO. Trade rules are developed that accommodate domestic policy intervention while preventing disguised protection.     

Trade Elasticity,Gravity and Trade Liberalisation: Evidence from the Food Industry

We present an econometric investigation of the trade effect produced by the elimination of tariffs in 18 food sectors for a large sample of developing and developed countries. The standard CES monopolistic competition trade model and the gravity equation were used to estimate trade substitution elasticities, exploring their sensitivity to different estimation methods. Using these elasticities, we simulate the trade effect of the elimination of tariffs, dealing with the problem of uncertainty in the estimated values. Results point to a significant variation in the elasticities estimated by different econometric methods, suggesting that the Poisson pseudo‐maximum‐likelihood estimator significantly inflates their magnitude. Simulation results indicate that trade liberalisation will strongly increase food exports especially from high income and emerging countries, leading to a general loss of market share by developing countries. The simulated trade flows obtained from the econometric approach are quite close to current evidence based on computable general equilibrium models.     

Tariff Equivalent of Technical Barriers to Trade with Imperfect Substitution and Trade Costs

The price-wedge method yields a tariff-equivalent estimate of technical barriers to trade (TBT). An extension of this method accounts for imperfect substitution between domestic and imported goods and incorporates recent findings on trade costs. We explore the sensitivity of this revamped TBT estimate to its key determinants (substitution elasticity, preference for home good, and trade cost). We use the augmented approach to investigate the recent Japan–U.S. apple trade dispute and find that removing the Japanese TBT would yield limited export gains to the United States. We then draw policy implications of our findings.     

中美贸易战对林产品贸易的影响及其对策建议

在梳理中美林产品贸易相互关系的基础上,分析了新一轮贸易战将对中美林业产业、林产品贸易、就业等的影响。结果表明:贸易战对中低级技术水平的从业人员影响较大,短期内对中国传统优势产品出口冲击较大,但长期反而能分摊和降低贸易风险,以价格优势为主的微利型木材加工企业和以美国为主要出口市场的出口导向型企业将面临较大风险;同时,贸易战不仅会直接损害美国消费者利益,还会加速其木材产业的萎缩。拓宽进口渠道,扩展替代市场和国内市场,加快国际合作,加强技术创新,落实财政政策是中国减缓和避免贸易战对中美双方林产品贸易产生不利影响的应对措施。