论"人力资本产权"分歧的化解及其与智力资本的关系

人力资本、智力资本理论，本质上是“虚拟资本”问题，是对这些过去被看作是费用或成本的东西进行“资本化定价”。我国经济学界“人力资本产权”问题的分歧，关键在于没有从虚拟资本这个角度来思考“人力资本”这类问题。特别是由于在研究企业产权理论时，没有引进另一类虚拟资本——“智力资本”的概念。     

A solution to the Lucas–Uzawa model with increasing returns to scale: Note

Chilarescu [2008, An analytical solutions for a model of endogenous growth, Economic Modelling.] claims that he determines a solution path to the Lucas–Uzawa model with increasing returns to scale. However, the path is not a closed-form since it depends on the initial consumption and the initial time for goods production, that are unknown. Moreover, the production function is nonconcave and then the first order conditions and the transversality conditions are not sufficient for the optimality. This note converts the model to a problem in which the Hamiltonian is available and derives a fully-closed form solution.     

Human capital depletion, human capital formation, and migration: a blessing or a “curse”?

We specify conditions under which a strictly positive probability of employment in a foreign country raises the level of human capital formed by optimizing workers in the home country. While some workers migrate, “taking along” more human capital than if they had migrated without factoring in the possibility of migration (a form of brain drain), other workers stay at home with more human capital than they would have formed in the absence of the possibility of migration (a form of brain gain).     

Social interaction and children's academic test scores: Evidence from the National Child Development Study

We explore the relationship between educational attainment and social interaction using individual level data from the British National Child Development Study. To be specific, we analyze whether an intergenerational aspect to this relationship exists by examining the relationship between the educational attainment of children and the degree of formal social activity undertaken by their parents. Our results suggest that children's scores in reading, mathematics and vocabulary tests are positively associated with the extent of their parents’ formal social interaction, and this relationship is robust to alternative definitions of social interaction.     

基于成本收益分析的组织人才吸纳研究

人才是任何政治、经济、科技、军事等组织发展的核心动力,不断吸纳人才方能获得持久的发展动力.但人才吸纳既非越多越好,亦非越优秀越好,亦非成本越低越节约越好,而应树立科学的人才吸纳成本收益观,深入分析人才吸纳成本收益影响因素,综合考虑人才对组织拉力感应和判断的影响、人才吸纳方法选择的影响、人才多维属性和特征的影响、人才吸纳的薪酬策略影响、人才与组织的耦合程度、人才吸纳风险控制能力的影响等问题,选择最佳管理路径设计科学的人才吸纳方法,增强组织对人才的拉力,优选人才吸纳方式,选准人才目标市场,设计科学的人才薪酬策略,提高职位与人才的契合度,降低人才吸纳风险,确定人才吸纳最佳成本值寻求人才吸纳的合理成本总量,降低人才吸纳的个别成本,多快好省吸纳人才,并加强后续管理创造条件充分释放人才能量,使人才吸纳收益最大化.     

The dynamic impact of intellectual capital on firm value: evidence from China

We examine the dynamic relationship between intellectual capital (measured by human capital and organizational capital) and firm value of Chinese listed firms. We do causality identification using system GMM and IV estimation, and find no significant relation between human capital and firm value, but organizational capital positively affects firm value with a lag. Our findings are robust to firms with different property rights, of different sizes, or in different industries, with the only exception of capital-intensive firms, in which human capital has a significant influence on firm value. The results imply that the improvement of organizational system plays a more important role in raising the value of a firm in a typical developing country, like China.     

The role of human and social capital in growth: extending our understanding

Human capital, institutions and social capital are now all recognisedas significant factors of growth. They have largely been studiedseparately, and although they present sufficient common characteristicsto be conceptualised as one main category distinct from physicalcapital, it may still be more important to focus on the linksbetween their specific sub-categories. Direct links with incomemay be spurious, as there appears to be a ‘web of associations’between the sub-categories, which would benefit from furtherempirical investigation. This paper reviews the literature onhuman capital, institutions and social capital, extracting threesub-categories of human capital (human skills capital, stock-of-knowledgeand entrepreneurship) and two of social capital (low- and high-rationalisation).Specific areas are then suggested for further empirical study.     

休闲福利与知识共享的关系探讨——兼论社会资本的作用

在这个信息大爆炸的时代里,知识共享是企业提高知识利用效率的最佳途径。然而,组织的知识共享并不容易在组织内自动发生,而是需要组织提供特定的环境。文章通过对企业休闲福利、社会资本与知识共享关系的探讨,得出的结论是:第一,企业为员工提供的休闲福利能够有效地提高员工的社会资本,而社会资本是促成组织知识共享的关键因素;第二,员工的社会资本越高,进行知识共享的意愿就越大;第三,组织内的知识共享更容易在非正式的休闲时间和场合中发生。在得出上述结论的基础上,文章还对企业提出了相关的建议。     

Leaving state sector employment in Russia

I analyse the reallocation of labour and human capital from the state sector to the non‐state sector and non‐employment in Russia. I use a nationally representative household dataset, the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, to study sectoral mobility in early transition using summary measures of mobility and multivariate discrete choice models. The results show that sectoral mobility varies between different skill groups, and in particular that those with university education, with supervisory responsibility and in white‐collar occupations are less likely to leave state jobs for both non‐state employment and non‐employment. The results suggest that in the early stages of transition in Russia mismatch of skills across state/non‐state employment was significant and that non‐state employment consisted mostly of low skill, ‘bad’ jobs.     

试论人力资本特性与公司人力资本风险防范

人力资本是经济增长和公司成长的重要因素,人力资本的使用效率对于公司整体的经济效益起着决定性作用.但是,由于人力资本的特有属性,即人力资本与其自然载体的不可分割性,使得公司在人力资本的使用中经常面临着人力资本关闭的风险.因而,公司应当通过完善治理结构,利用资本市场,优化融资结构,增加技术难度等措施防止人力资本风险问题,并可以借助于病假发生率,任务完成率等指标评价人力资本风险的大小.     

Quantifying corruption by a human capital earnings equation

This paper uses a human capital earnings equation to quantify administrative corruption in the public sector. Regression analyses are conducted based on information from surveys administered to public officials in Albania. After accounting for officials’ characteristics, e.g., schooling, experience, gender, type of agency, and public and private sectors’ features, we deduce that the administrative corruption was on average 2.6× the officials’ current salary in Albania, which is equivalent to 16.7% of the country’s GDP.

Human capital accumulation in an open labour market: Ireland in the 1990s

Large-scale investment in education in Ireland began in 1967 and has led to a dramatic increase in the relative supply of skilled labour over the past four decades. Furthermore the supply of labour in Ireland is traditionally highly elastic through migration, which in the 1990s was predominantly high-skilled. This combination of rising education levels and an open labour market meant that employment and incomes rose rapidly in the 1990s, while Ireland still maintained a strong competitive position in terms of relative labour costs.In this paper we develop a new macro-economic framework to formally analyse these mechanisms. We estimate a small structural model of the Irish labour market, separately identifying high-skilled and low-skilled labour. We find that this model captures key characteristics of the Irish labour market in the 1990s.     

Endogenous skill heterogeneity and inflation

This paper examines the implications of ex ante skill heterogeneity for long run inflation. We develop a dynamic general equilibrium model in which there are two types of labor (skilled and unskilled), two types of capital (human and physical), and money is introduced via a cash in advance constraint on consumption purchases. Skill heterogeneity is characterized in terms of (i) a parameter governing the ease with which the two types of labor can be substituted for each other in production; and (ii) the “productivity” of human capital in the production of skill. The model includes the accumulation of human capital which in turn creates skill heterogeneity among workers through an efficiency wage mechanism. Numerical experiments indicate that there is a range of parameter estimates in which the Friedman Rule may not be optimal. Furthermore, our quantitative experiments also indicate that there is a range of parameter values in which a greater degree of skill heterogeneity may be associated with a greater preference for inflation. Empirically, we also find that the inflation and heterogeneity correlation is positive.     

Fluctuations in convex models of endogenous growth, I: Growth effects

Is there a trade-off between fluctuations and growth? The empirical evidence is mixed, with some studies finding a positive relationship, while others find a negative one. Our objectives are to understand how fundamental uncertainty affects the long run growth rate and to identify important factors determining this relationship in a convex endogenous growth model. Qualitatively, we show that the relationship between volatility in fundamentals (or policies) and mean growth can be either positive or negative. The curvature of the utility function is a key parameter that determines the sign of the relationship. Quantitatively, an increase in uncertainty always increases the growth rate in our calibrated models. Though the changes we find are nontrivial, they are not large enough by themselves to account for the large differences in growth rates observed in the data. We also find that differences in the curvature of preferences have very substantial effects on the estimated variability of stationary objects like the consumption–output ratio and hours worked. For this reason, we expect that the models considered in this paper will provide the basis of sharp estimates of the curvature parameter.     

Growth and human capital: good data,good results

We present a new data set for years of schooling across countries for the 1960–2000 period. The series are constructed from the OECD database on educational attainment and from surveys published by UNESCO. Two features that improve the quality of our data with respect to other series, particularly for series in first-differences, are the use of surveys based on uniform classification systems of education over time, and an intensified use of information by age groups. As a result of the improvement in quality, these new series can be used as a direct substitute for Barro and Lee’s (2001; Oxford Economic Papers, 3, 541–563) data in empirical research. In standard cross-country growth regressions we find that our series yield significant coefficients for schooling. In panel data estimates our series are also significant even when the regressions account for the accumulation of physical capital. Moreover, the estimated macro return is consistent with those reported in labour studies. These results differ from the typical findings of the earlier literature and are a consequence of the reduction in measurement error in the series.      

Intelligence, Human Capital, and Economic Growth: A Bayesian Averaging of Classical Estimates (BACE) Approach

Human capital plays an important role in the theory of economic growth, but it has been difficult to measure this abstract concept. We survey the psychological literature on cross-cultural IQ tests and conclude that intelligence tests provide one useful measure of human capital. Using a new database of national average IQ, we show that in growth regressions that include only robust control variables, IQ is statistically significant in 99.8% of these 1330 regressions, easily passing a Bayesian model-averaging robustness test. A 1 point increase in a nation’s average IQ is associated with a persistent 0.11% annual increase in GDP per capita.     

Reconciling Kuznets and Habbakuk in a unified growth theory

Economic historians have debated the relative labor productivity of the United States agricultural and nonagricultural sectors during the nineteenth century. David (Discussion papers in economic and social history, University of Oxford, 1996) offers a reconciliation of the opposing views by suggesting that while productivity per hour worked in agriculture was comparable to productivity in other sectors, the number of hours worked per year was relatively low, creating a large gap in annual output per worker across sectors. We model and extend a version of Davis’s reconciliation within a unified growth theory that makes connections between the decline in traditional agriculture and several other features of United States development. The dynamic general equilibrium model is consistent with the structural transformation having minor direct and indirect effects on aggregate labor productivity per hour, but substantial effects on aggregate labor productivity per worker. The model also provides a close match to the trends in schooling, fertility, rates of return to physical capital, and labor productivity growth in the nineteenth century.      

新生代农民工组织承诺管理——基于就业能力的视角

改革开放至今,新生代农民工已成为农民工的主力军。他们有着受教育水平较高,就业期望值较大、注重精神和情感生活、忍受挫折能力低以及职业选择迷茫的特点。农民工在就业过程中与企业进行着组织支持与组织承诺的交换。由于缺乏组织支持。新生代农民工的组织承诺很低,流动率非常大,给企业造成管理混乱的同时也不利于自身的发展。就业能力体现为人力资本、社会资本及心理资本的协同作用。企业应该加强培训、严格执行国家劳动安全卫生规定、关注健康以提高农民工的人力资本;多组织有意义的群体活动扩展农民工的社交圈以提升他们的社会资本;重视心理健康,构建心理咨询渠道以提高其心理资本,通过这些努力,增加组织支持以获取农民工较高的组织承诺,降低流动率。