基于结构调整的青岛市海洋休闲渔业发展初探

由于近海渔业资源的减少,青岛市传统渔业面临困境,急需进行海洋渔业结构调整。基于青岛市海洋渔业调查分析,发展休闲渔业是缓解传统渔业困境,促进渔业转型的重要措施。青岛市休闲渔业有了较大的发展,但存在规划、管理、资金等方面的问题。可通过构建多元化对策体系,促进青岛市休闲渔业的健康可持续发展。     

当前我国渔业产业结构调整的方向和重点

本文简要介绍了我国渔业产业结构存在的主要问题和调整渔业产业结构的基本原则,在此基础上,指出当前渔业产业结构调整的重点和方向是调整渔业生产结构、压缩海洋捕捞强度;调整水产养殖结构、保持养殖业的健康发展;调整水产加工业结构、提高水产品的附加值;大力发展远洋渔业、将产业调整向国际资源转移;以科技为动力,坚持"科技兴渔"、用高新技术改造传统渔业产业.     

Savings and technology choice for risk averse farmers

Farmers in developing countries have limited opportunities for borrowing to even out variability associated with risky farm income, but they can save. A dynamic programming model of savings is presented in the current paper which examines optimal savings strategies for farmers, using a case study of integrated rice–shrimp farms in Vietnam. It is shown that when savings are accounted for, the expected utility ranking of different risky farm choices may not differ that much between farmers with different levels of risk aversion.     

African indigenous vegetable enterprises and market access for small-scale farmers in East Africa

African indigenous vegetables (AIVs) have been part of the food systems in sub-Saharan Africa for generations. The region is a natural habitat for more than 45,000 species of plants, of which about 1,000 can be eaten as green leafy or fruit vegetables that happen to be the mainstay of traditional diets. During the colonial era, adventurers and slavers sailing in Africa introduced exotic plants such as maize, cassava and beans and, later, commercial crops such as sugarcane, cocoa, coffee and cotton, which began contributing more to life. Farmers integrated these crops into their age-old livelihood strategies at the expense of traditional subsistence crops. AIVs were almost entirely neglected and considered ‘poor people's' plants. To reverse the trend, FARM-Africa and its partners reintroduced AIVs which are now forming part of families’ diets as well as becoming a source of income for smallholder farmers in Arumeru, Tanzania and Kiambu, Kenya. AIVs are robust and productive, and thus well suited to feeding the hungriest and most vulnerable sections of society.     

Transmission of price shifts in the context of structural adjustment: An empirical analysis for staple food after the devaluation of the franc CFA in Ivory Coast

This article analyses price shifts after currency devaluation in the Ivory Coast using a time‐series modelling approach. Model results identify the liberalisation of the import‐rice sector as the key factor for the transmission of price effects. Fixation of the imported rice price as a social compensatory measure hindered the adjustment of prices in the first year after the devaluation. As soon as the price controls on imported rice were lifted, prices changed in favour of tradable goods. The findings in this paper hint at a possible trade‐off between the protection of vulnerable groups during the process of adjustment and the intended incentive effect.     

The Rakai chicken model: an approach that has improved fortunes for Ugandan farmers

Poverty is widespread in Rakai district, which had been badly affected by HIV/AIDS resulting in many orphan-headed households. A poultry improvement programme based on local practices and cross-breeding indigenous chickens was desired by the communities to improve their income. Partnerships for implementation were strategically chosen. Scaling out was realized through participatory approaches, use of trainers from the communities, establishment of the Rakai Chicken Breeders Association, commercially and locally managed Integrated Feed Centres, market orientation and independent financial services, collaborating with and influencing local institutions. The average increased income as a result of improved poultry keeping was US$1050 per household per annum. The project contributed to increased gender awareness, leadership and entrepreneurial skills, increased status of trainers and investments in other businesses.     

Landlords and farmers: implications of disparities in bargaining power for tenancy in agriculture

The equilibrium allocation of owner operated and rental land in the agricultural sector is examined given risk averse agents, risky returns and asset price risk. The model is extended to account for disparities in bargaining power among landlords and farmers. In the absence of disparities, the competitive equilibrium allocation satisfies the general conditions for optimal risk sharing with an adjustment factor similar to the optimal hedge ratio. Differences in bargaining power result in deviations from the optimal risk sharing conditions. Numerical simulations of tenancy structure are conducted for a developed agricultural economy exposed to various forms of risk. Estimates of parameter values representing the riskiness of returns and asset prices in this study are based on vector auto regressive techniques. The simulations show that a substantial reduction of the rental ratio is obtained in a situation where farmers are equally or more risk averse than landlords. Consequently, the results indicate that the importance of the tenancy institution as a risk sharing mechanism is severely mitigated in the presence of asset price risk, risky returns, relatively risk averse farmers and disparities in bargaining power.     

The impact of water conservation and intensification technologies: empirical evidence for rice farmers in Ghana

This study employs the propensity score matching model to examine the impact of the adoption of water conservation and intensification technologies on farm output and income among small-scale lowland rice farmers in the Northern Region of Ghana. The matching was conducted based on the Mahalanobis distance combined with the propensity score. Balancing tests by checking the mean standardized absolute bias in the matched sample were conducted as well as a sensitivity analysis was conducted to check for hidden bias due to unobservable selection. The empirical results show a positive and significant impact of the adoption of bunds technology on input demand as well as a positive but insignificant impact on output supply and net returns. Adopters of the dibbling technology were found to have higher output supply, whereas no statistically significant difference was found between the incomes of adopters and nonadopters of dibbling seed method. The results, however, reveal a positive and significant effect on output and net returns when the dibbling method is combined with intensified weeding. The estimates were found to be relatively insensitive to hidden bias.     

Unconventional adjustment strategies for rural households in the less developed areas in Greece

International competition in agricultural production is intensifying following the implementation of the 1993 accord of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. The production of conventional farm products in surplus is being discouraged by means of indirect economic disincentives. The Common Agricultural Policy has already adjusted to unprotected national markets within the European Union and greater market orientation is being achieved mainly through price reductions. Farmers in the less developed areas in Greece, where agricultural activity is still the main source of income and employment, have been responding to policy reforms by seeking part-time employment and income in non-farm enterprises. The adoption of alternative, unconventional farm enterprises that use farm resources in an innovative and quantitatively different way does have the potential for bringing in a new source of income to farm business. For the purpose of this research three adjustment strategies were recognised. The ‘conventional’ (no change) pathway is based on traditional, region-specific products, production methods and services. The adoption of the ‘new crop’ pathway refers to the redeployment of resources into new agricultural products, whereas farms on the market integration Pathway redeploy resources into new marketing services and agricultural product processing on the farm. The new crop and the market integration pathways are identified as unconventional adjustment strategies. Results derived from multinomial logit analysis highlight the major constraints and opportunities associated with the adoption of new crops and market integration practices. Farmers who have adopted unconventional practices are influenced by factors external to the farm. such as contacts with institutions, and have a high probability of having higher debts. These farmers are likely to depend heavily on seasonal labour and rented land. The fact that market integration activities are associated with smaller farms in conjunction with off-farm work signifies the importance of establishing an integrated rural development policy approach. Public policy involvement in enhancing dissemination of information concerning unconventional enterprises is emphasised.     

Reducing agrochemical use for nature conservation by Italian olive farmers: an evaluation of public and private governance strategies

A variety of public policies and private strategies have been implemented to stimulate farmers to implement nature conservation measures. Examples include publicly funded agri-environment schemes (AES) but also eco-labels and Alternative Food Networks; strategies that have been implemented in response to the continuous decline in species abundance and diversity due to agricultural intensification and scale enlargement. Whereas AES as a distinct governance strategy has been evaluated in detail, less is known about other strategies. In this paper, we assess the relative importance of the variety of public and private strategies aimed at enhancing species abundance and diversity in Italian olive farming through a reduction in agrochemical use. In a survey of olive farmers in the region of Tuscany, we found that although farmers are exposed to a variety of public and private strategies, personal motives to reduce agrochemical use are most important. Moreover, having a Corporate Social Responsibility plan or engaging in direct sales to consumers are the only strategies that are related to a reduction in agrochemical use. These findings suggest self-governance is a powerful strategy for enhancing species diversity and abundance in agricultural landscapes. Yet it also means contributing to nature conservation and restoration is a voluntary act. Olive farmers who do not voluntarily contribute to nature conservation by reducing agrochemicals need to be incentivized by show-casing farmers who did reduce their agrochemical use, by critical consumers or by stricter rules in AES or in generic agri-environmental legislation.     

Attitudes of farmers in China's northern Shaanxi Province towards the land-use changes required under the Grain for Green Project, and implications for the project's success

To restore China's degraded environment, the government launched an environmental restoration project named the “Grain for Green” Project (GGP) in 1999. From 1999 to 2010, the government will spend US$ 40 billion to convert 147 million ha of farmland into forest and grassland and 173 million ha of wasteland (including abandoned farmland) into forest in 25 provinces. A primary focus is to replace farming and livestock grazing in fragile areas with reforestation and planting of forage crops. Given the project's tremendous size and number of participants, the attitudes of the affected farmers will strongly influence the GGP's success. To learn their attitudes, we surveyed 2000 farmers in 2005 to quantify their opinions of the GGP and how it has affected their livelihoods, and we discuss the concerns raised by these attitudes. Farmers appreciated the grain and financial compensation offered by the GGP, but few considered planting of trees (8.9%) or forage species (2.2%) to be a priority. Although only 19.1% felt that their livelihoods had been adversely affected by the GGP and 63.8% supported the project, a large proportion (37.2%) planned to return to cultivating forested areas and grassland once the project's subsidies end in 2018. Therefore, much of the restored vegetation risks being converted into farmland and rangeland again, compromising the sustainability of the environmental achievements. To succeed, strategies such as the GGP must compensate farmers fairly for their costs, create new agricultural products and techniques for use on more suitable land, and create job and training programs that account for the needs and desires of farmers and give them alternatives to returning to old land-use practices.     

An Needs Analysis for Junior Students in Underdeveloped Areas by Using the Frame work for Analyzing Target Needs

This papergives firstly a brief introduction about the theory of needs analysis and target needs.Needs analysis is also known as needs assessment as well as procedures used to collect information about learners needs.Secondly,it analyzes junior students’needs by using the framework of a target situation analysis.In the paper,data collection includes questionnaires which designed for junior students,observation,discussions,consultations with junior teachers andread materials concerned.The needs analysis that the author have done in this paper is with the expectation to provide reference for mastering needs trend of junior students and trying to meet needs of students in teaching activities as well as induce students to make a better progress..     

美国农地保护及其借鉴

经过数十年的探索与积累,美国农地保护取得了一些经验和成果。美国农地保护的方法与措施大体可分成四大类型:法律法规调控型、激励机制型(市场经济手段)、政府参与型及其他配套型。美国农地保护的突出特点:(1)保护的方法多样,体系完善,具有互补性和互换性,在保护的同时注意保护农地所有者的合法利益;(2)特别注重公众的参与性;(3)美国的农地保护成功之处在于使土地所有者和农民都能成为受益人。文章在借鉴美国农地保护相关经验的基础上,提出了中国农地保护的建议。     

加强调控稳市场 开拓创新促发展为建设社会主义新农村努力做好粮食流通工作

一、服务于社会主义新农村建设，明确“十一五”粮食工作目标和任务 当前，我国正处在体制新旧转换、结构迅速调整、社会深刻变革的历史时期。党的十六届五中全会科学分析了我国现阶段“三农”工作的客观形势，明确提出了推进社会主义新农村建设的重大历史任务。     

开辟新领域寻求新发展—地勘单位应积极开展地质旅游资源调查、评价与开发工作

属地化管理后的地勘单位要融入当地的区域经济发展 ,必须找准自己的立足点和切入点。对西部省区的地勘单位来说 ,要调整产业结构 ,旅游业是一个很好的选择。文章分析了地勘单位发展旅游业的必要性和可能性 ,指出地勘单位要进入旅游业 ,可从地质旅游资源的调查、评价入手 ,逐渐介入开发、经营 ,使旅游业成为地勘单位又一个稳定的支柱产业。