External Economies in the International Trade Theory: A Survey

The paper surveys the international trade literature on intraindustrial and interindustrial production externalities. It places particular emphasis upon the literature on variable returns to scale (VRS) developed along the Kemp line that the externalities are output–generated, and the economies of scale are external (internal) to individual firms (industry). The discussion touches upon the literature examining the implications of VRS for fundamental trade theorems, trade policies, economic growth, and welfare. The paper extends the survey to writings on the Meade–type interindustrial production externalities.     

Survey of International Trade/Economics Textbooks

Fourteen international economics textbooks are reviewed to aid instructors in selecting textbooks for one- and two-semester courses.     

The Impact of International Trade and Protection on Australian Manufacturing Employment

The labour market consequences of trade and protection have only recently come under the scrutiny of labour economists. This paper seeks to accomplish two things - to survey the recent research and to provide estimates of the effect that reductions in effective rates of assistance afforded to Australia's manufacturing industries have had on employment. Recent labour market developments reveal a downward trend in manufacturing employment levels. The declines appear to have been associated with lower levels of assistance. However, the estimates of the effect of lower levels of protection are generally small - about a one per cent reduction in employment for each ten per cent reduction in the effective rate of industry assistance. In addition, the manufacturing employment developments appear to be only weakly linked to real wage resistance. Overall, an overriding impression from the find ings presented in this paper is the strength of the structural adjustments ongoing in Australia     

国际贸易的内生化新体系:新兴古典贸易理论

新兴古典经济学派从消费者与生产者的统一出发,构建了贸易产生的内生化新体系。该体系拓展了国际贸易的新理论建构,以专业化与分工为基础,引进外生交易费用、内生交易费用、市场组织与层系等参数,可使得国际贸易在经济中的产生内生化,并由此形式化贸易的发展历程,为国内贸易与国际贸易建立统一的基础,克服以新古典经济学为框架的传统国际贸易理论中国际贸易与国内贸易具有不同基础的理论困难,提供了国际贸易理论的全新思路,对21世纪全球市场的形成与发展具有重要的启示意义。     

生产者服务贸易国外研究进展与述评

生产者服务业Producer Services）概念的提出是基@Browning ＆ Singelmann（1975）将服务业从功能角度划分而来,这类服务业包含了资本密集型行业（例如金融、保险等）,也包括知识和技术密集型产业（例如通信业、信息数据处理、计算机软件编程等）,还将很多专业性较强的服务业（例如会计、法律等）囊括其中。虽然这些行业的种类繁杂,但其统归于生产者服务业的原因在于这些行业都对一国制造业的发展起到重要作用,同时也是经济及产业结构升级的主要驱动力。在全球经济一体化背景下,西方主要发达国家在此领域的研究已趋于成熟,尤其是对生产者服务贸易方面的研究,国外学者已形成了较为完善的体系。基于生产者服务贸易理论和经验研究的发展过程,本文对国外相关代表性文献进行了详细梳理,这将对我国经济结构优化发展具有重要的借鉴意义。     

国际资本流动悖论：一个文献综述

20世纪以来,国际资本流动方向出现了逆转,由先前的从富国向穷国的顺流,转变为由穷国向富国的逆流。国际资本逆流与标准经济理论的预测完全相悖。本文对关于国际资本流动悖论的理论假说和经验研究作了一个系统的文献综述。首先,建立一个简明的开放经济条件下的新古典增长模型,分析导致国际资本流动悖论的潜在因素。其次。从发展中国家在人力资本、制度完善、资本市场发育程度和外资利用能力方面存在的不足,以及国际货币金融体系和亚洲金融危机的消极影响等角度,对国际资本流动悖论的理论假说进行深入阐述和系统分析。最后,作评论性总结。     

产品内贸易对国际贸易的影响

随着全球化发展的不断深入,国际贸易领域出现了许多新的重大变化,其中最令人瞩目的是全球性生产网络的建立和产品内贸易的不断增长.产品内分工基础上的产品内贸易的发展对于发达国家和发展中国家都具有重要影响,它拓宽了经济开放国家或地区的国际贸易参与度,但处在产品内国际分工不同生产环节的企业所荻收益却并非一致.     

不完全契约与国际贸易:一个评述

不完全契约与国际贸易理论的交叉已成为国际贸易前沿研究课题。在制度经济学研究领域,随着对交易成本、产权问题的研究深入,逐步发展了不完全契约理论。契约的不完全性导致专用性投资在事前无法写入契约,事后收益的分配只能通过"再谈判"的方式进行,而这种再谈判因资产专用性而具有双边锁定效应,此外不完全契约也影响契约的执行,进而影响制度质量。不完全契约的这些特性对国际贸易和国际投资产生影响。本文对近年来发展起来的不完全契约对比较优势形成和贸易量影响的理论进行梳理,阐述契约质量在形成一国比较优势和出口差异化产品方面的理论与经验研究的进展;梳理不完全契约决定企业边界的理论,就不完全契约对跨国公司选择垂直整合还是外包的决定因素等前沿理论进行归纳和评述,并且对有关中国问题的研究贡献进行述评。基于对主要文献的梳理和分析,初步探讨了此领域未来可能的研究方向,为中国转型加新兴经济体的相关研究提供启发和参考。     

Distribution Costs and International Trade: A Ricardian Model

This paper studies the role of the distribution sector in determining a country's pattern and terms of trade. The effect of an improvement in distribution technology is analyzed using a Ricardian trade model with an endogenous distribution sector. The results are found to depend on the magnitude of distribution costs relative to manufacturing costs and preference for distribution services in the trading countries. This has important implications for the Structural Impediments Initiative, which maintains that a more efficient distribution sector in Japan would benefit both the USA and Japan.     

Further Evidence from Survey Data on Australian Manufacturing Price Changes*

Three data sets from two different quarterly surveys have been used in estimating six standard models of price change behaviour. Results for Total Manufacturing Industry, for all three data sets, show prices respond to both actual cost movements and commodity market excess demand conditions. For most ASIC two-digit industries, prices respond rapidly to actual cost movements, and for many industries they also respond directly to excess demand conditions. No single excess demand measure is appropriate for all industries. The magnitude of orders and inventories influences is very small, but capacity utilization contributions seem far from trivial. Industry results are frequently sensitive to the survey used and/or to the method used to weight individual firm's responses.     

Trade Agreements and Trade Opportunities: A Flexible Approach for Modeling Australian Export and Import Elasticities

Patterns of trade have changed enormously over the last 30 years, particularly due to the economic emergence of several Asian countries. With the increasing international tendency for bilateral preferential trade agreements, it is important for countries to be aware of trade substitution possibilities. This paper estimates import and export price elasticities for Australia and its major trading partners in Europe and Asia, 1958 to 2002, using a fully flexible version of the Symmetric Normalized Quadratic aggregator function. Imports and exports are disaggregated into six regions, covering 17 countries. Our results illuminate the (changing) substitution and complementarity patterns for Australian foreign trade, highlighting trading opportunities in the face of a changing international environment.     

碳标签：国际贸易壁垒的新趋势

碳标签无论从研究进度还是实际应用来看目前还仅仅处于初级阶段,但随着社会各界对环境保护和气候变化关注的日益加深,对国际贸易商品的碳足迹进行统一测度,推广碳标签的使用指日可待。发展中国家可能会受到来自发达国家强制加注碳标签的要求,引发更多的贸易摩擦。因此,应该对中国应对碳标签壁垒和建立碳标签制度的前景进行探讨分析,为中国的低碳经济发展提供政策和理论依据。     

国际贸易可疑洗钱行为透析

贸易洗钱是通过虚构的交易事实使行为人及其相对人对所转移的资产享有表面上合法的财产权利的行为.鉴于账户洗钱的现行反洗钱立法对新兴的贸易洗钱打击不力,建议认清贸易洗钱的本质,提高识别可疑行为的能力,建立跨行业的反洗钱机制.本文的主要贡献在于首次提出并全面分析基于国际贸易的洗钱行为.     

International Trade and Collective Bargaining Outcomes: Evidence from German Employer–Employee Data

In theoretical trade models with variable mark‐ups and collective wage bargaining, exposure to international markets might reduce the exporter wage premium. We test this prediction using linked German employer–employee data covering the years 1996–2007. To separate the rent‐sharing mechanism from assortative matching, we exploit individual worker information to construct profitability measures that are free of skill composition. Our results show that rent‐sharing is less pronounced in more export‐intensive firms or in more open industries. The exporter wage premium is highest for low‐productivity firms. In line with theory, these findings are unique to the subsample of plants covered by collective bargaining.     

Relating International Trade to the Housing Market

Studies of tariffs have tended to ignore their impact on housing markets. This paper builds a simple dynamic general-equilibrium model to bridge the gap. The model is consistent with empirical findings that housing prices in several small open economies, and the price of nontradeables relative to tradeables, have increased over time. The model also allows closed-form solutions of the elasticity of the economic growth rate, the housing-stock growth rate, and the housing-price growth rate, with respect to the tariff rate. Other testable implications are generated.