Income Distribution in East Asian Developing Countries: an update

This paper portrays recent trends in income distribution in eight countries of the developing East and Southeast Asian region. The available data indicate that the distribution of income in the more developed Asian NIEs, Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, has tended to become more unequal in recent years. The ASEAN-4 countries offer an interesting contrast. With the exception of Thailand, the distributions of income in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines have shown a trend towards greater equality. The experiences of the East Asian developing countries have demonstrated that sustained GDP growth with full employment could be a most favourable factor explaining the reduction of inequality.     

Income Distribution in East Asian Developing Countries: recent trends

This paper updates estimates of the trends in income distribution in the eight countries of the developing East and Southeast Asian region. In the last update by Krongkaew (1994 ), inequality was found to be increasing in the newly industrialising economies of Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan, while in the ASEAN−4 (with the exception of Thailand) it was declining. Since then, the region has undergone the East Asian financial crisis of 1997–98. Recent data indicate that income distribution in Hong Kong and Taiwan continues to improve. Income inequality in South Korea declined until 1993 but began to increase slowly until the crisis sharply widened the disparity. The evidence for Singapore is mixed, with one set of estimates showing a dip in inequality while another indicates a widening of income disparity during the crisis. The crisis had the immediate impact of improving income distribution in all the ASEAN–4 countries, mainly because of reductions in the income shares of the top income groups. Later data show that inequality has since risen in all of them, except for Malaysia (for which no recent data are available).     

我国居民收入分配的格局——帕雷托分布方法

本文为确定一个时期内总体收入分配或特定部分的收入分配究竟是否趋向两极分化和比较中间收入等级和高收入等级的分配份额提供了方法。用帕雷托分布拟合我国1988年和1995年两年的居民收入分配。发现1995年和1988年相比：（1）没有明显证据表明农村居民收入存在两极分化．城镇居民在排除了收入最低的10％人口后，有明显的两极分化趋向；（2）中间等级收入份额减少。收入向高收入者集中；（3）高收入者内部收入分配差别扩大；（4）社会成员在不同的收入等级之间的流动更加容易。     

Technology Transfer,Income Distribution and the Process of Economic Development

This paper studies the role of income distribution and technology transfer in the process of economic development. A novel aspect of the model is that the composition of human capital as well as the level affect economic growth. Utilizing an overlapping-generations model in which income distribution changes endogenously, we present an economic explanation for why some countries could not start modern economic growth; why some countries took off but have apparently stopped growing after some time; and why some countries have successfully developed and continue to grow.     

全球金融危机:收入分配视角的解读

第三波全球化深刻地影响了全球收入分配的格局。在各个国家内部,收入的不平等程度在加深。发达国家收入不平等导致了宏观经济的金融化和消费者的债务积累。在积极参与全球化进程的新兴工业化国家中,不平等程度的加大压制了国内需求。为了应对金融全球化带来的风险,这些积极参与全球化进程的发展中国家或主动或被动地积累了庞大的外汇储备,从而间接地为发达国家的消费者提供债务融资。这种局面本质上就是一种无法持续的全球化。伴随着美国等发达国家房地产泡沫的破灭,美国次贷危机传导到全世界,演变成全球金融危机。     

Income distribution,basic needs and trade-offs with growth: The case of semi-industrialized Latin American countries

This paper addresses income distribution issues and policy options to eliminate extreme poverty in a particular typology of middle-income semi-industrialized developing countries of Latin America. The countries included in the typology are characterized by a relatively high per capita income (above US$700/yr in 1977), a relatively high degree of industrialization (industry representing over 30% of GNP), a rather large size both in population and area, and relatively well endowed resources in agriculture. A distinctive feature is a strong inequality in the distribution of income and wealth relative to other countries of similar levels of per capita income. The countries included are Brazil, Columbia, Ecuador, Mexico and Peru, representing two-thirds of the population of that region.     

我国居民收入代际流动研究的科学计量学解读

收入代际流动程度较弱是我国转型期收入差距不断扩大的主要根源之一,为了系统梳理国内收入代际流动领域研究的发展脉络,了解研究热点和发展动向,从科学计量学的角度应用可视化技术分析近年来国内对收入代际流动的研究状况。通过检索CSSCI（1998—2011）获得有关收入代际流动研究的49篇文献与670篇引文,运用文献计量学与统计分析方法对这些文献数据从时间分布、期刊分布、作者与机构分布、基金项目与研究热点等多个维度进行计量分析：运用文献共被引分析方法与动态网络分析的信息可视化技术绘制我国收入代际流动领域的科学知识图谱,从而展示收入代际流动研究的关键节点、以及节点所代表的专家及其著作对该领域发展所起的重要作用,展现我国居民收入代际流动的知识基础与研究前沿,进而为我国收入代际流动研究提供思路与借鉴,推动相关研究领域理论与经验研究。     

收入分配对我国出口贸易的影响——基于非参数核密度估计的需求结构重叠视角

本文主要研究收入分配状况对我国出口贸易的影响。采用非参数核密度估计法测算中国与45个主要出口目的地国(地区)收入分配重叠的程度,以此表示需求结构重叠(overlap of demandstructures)。通过FGLS方法进行实证检验发现:中国与出口目的地国(地区)的收入分配重叠程度越高,出口就越多;将出口产品分为同质产品和差异产品分别进行检验,结果表明收入分配重叠程度对差异产品出口的作用比对同质产品更大。我国收入分配与出口贸易之间的关系一直以来未被学者关注,本研究有助于从新的角度深入探讨我国出口贸易的发展。     

运用市场原则，解决收入分配不公

要明确收入分配的概念。在市场经济中,初次收入分配被称为要素收入分配。要搞清楚收入分配中的效率与公平的关系。经济学意义上的效率是从生产过程中产生的,收入分配过程并不产生效率。在这个含义中,生产过程应该注重效率,而收入分配应该注重公平。效率与公平是相互促进的。只有企业所有者、经营者、劳动者以及其他与企业利益相关的参与者之间的和谐,才能够保证生产和交易的顺利进行。在这个意义上,公平是能够促进效率的。中国的经济体制改革把国家计划指令下的资源配置方式改为由市场主导,财产占有制度也随着发生变化。收入分配不是孤立的,而要取决于财产分配。如果让一些人不劳而获就获得财产权,收入分配的结果肯定是不公平的。在中国,财产分配不公平的主要原因是国企产权交易、土地使用权转让和资本市场的运作违反市场公平交易原则,造成暴富者不劳而获。我们不但反对鼓吹贫富差距合理论的观点,也反对以贫富差距拉大为借口否定中国的经济体制改革。贫富差距拉大是没有落实市场交易原则造成的;运用市场机制的公平交易原则,不但能够纠正收入分配不平等,也能够纠正财产分配不平等。要把经济体制改革进行到底,必须真正落实市场交易原则。     

Trade openness and income inequality in China and the SAARC Region

The paper empirically examines the effects of trade liberalisation on income inequality in China and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation countries. Panel data analysis is conducted for the period of 1973 to 2012. The results show that liberal trade policies have increased income inequality in these countries. These results are robust to alternative liberalisation measures. The control variables used have differing effects on income distribution. Per capita income has an increasing effect on income inequality, while education, financial development, financial openness, democracy, and government size are shown to reduce income inequality. These outcomes can be expected to have important policy implications for the use of trade liberalisation in these countries.     

以人为本的企业收益分配研究

文章对企业收益分配模式进行了述评,从国家的宏观层面和企业的微观层面分析考察了我国企业实施以人为本的收益分配的必要性.以人为本的企业收益分配应贯彻成本补偿原则和利润分享原则,探讨了企业资本参与收益分配的基本框架以及当前我国企业收益分配存在的两大误区.最后,提出人力资本以股权化方式参与企业收益分配的观点和政策建议.     

Chinese per Capita Income Distribution, 1992–2007: A Regional Perspective

This paper explores the regional per capita income distribution in China between 1992 and 2007. The spatial dependence present in the raw data is removed using a filtering technique. A non‐parametric approach is applied to the filtered data to show that regional inequalities have been roughly stable, the distribution shape has changed very little and mobility within the distribution has been relatively low. Finally, the paper investigates the impact of various economic and social factors on the evolution of regional income distribution. Primary sector employment, physical capital, trade openness and foreign direct investment are all found to be key determinants of regional income distribution.     

Village Elections,Accountability and Income Distribution in Rural China

1. Introduction The village election was first envisioned by the late chairman of the National People’sCongress (NPC), Mr Peng Zhen, in the mid-1980s to enhance village governance after the commune system was dissolved in China in the early 1980s. In 1987, the NPC passed a tentative version of The Organic Law of the Village Committee (OLVC), and started a 10 year experiment of village elections. In 1998, the NPC formally passed the law and elections quickly spread to the whole count…     

收入分配的极化测度理论研究述评

随着收入分配问题研究的深入,极化(polarization)的重要性也引起了更多的重视。本文从极化的概念入手,详细梳理了近二十年来学术界关于极化测度理论的两大类研究成果,并指出了这两类极化测度指标之间的区别、联系以及在实际运用过程中选取指标所要考虑的因素,最后阐述了极化理论研究尚存的不足以及未来的研究方向。     

Personal Income Tax Reform in China in 2018 and Its Impact on Income Distribution

In the context of personal income tax (PIT) reform in China in 2018, this paper examines some of the major issues of concern regarding the reform and income distribution. Using the China Personal Income Tax Micro‐simulation model, the paper compares the differences between the 2011 and 2018 PIT systems, and finds that residents relying on different income sources may face a large degree of real tax rate change. Once the tax system is altered to PIT 2018, the coverage of PIT for wage earners will decrease from 46.9 to 23.4 percent, the income redistributive effect will drop from 1.95 to 1.22 percent and the PIT's role in fiscal revenue will also be negatively affected. Nevertheless, if individual income continues to grow, the share of PIT in fiscal revenue is expected to return to the 2018 level in 2022, but its income redistribution function is difficult to recover in the short term. The paper finds that the effect of PIT on income distribution depends on the tax structure. Gradual transition to an “entirely comprehensive” tax system when conditions are appropriate will achieve better income redistribution results at a lower average tax rate.     

收入分配差距偏大的主要因素和消费需求牵扯

伴随着经济的高速发展,近年来,我国出现了收入分配差距偏大的经济现象,其主要因素是劳动收入偏低,收入分配差距偏大导致了我国宏观经济失衡的一个痼疾——总消费需求不足。收入分配差距偏大和总消费需求不足是一对孪生子,其产生的核心机制是古典产权制度下的工资市场定价。要缩小收入分配差距,实现共同富裕,必须转变经济发展方式,实行一系列面对市场的改革。     

收入分配、居民消费与经济发展方式转变

改革开放30年来我国经济持续地高速增长过程中呈现出收入差距不断扩大和居民消费需求不振等问题。文章通过构建模型实证检验了收入分配、居民消费与经济增长之间的关系,研究结果表明：尽管收入差距对农村居民消费的影响并不显著,但城镇居民收入分配差距对其消费有显著的负面影响,我国居民收入差距扩大显著地制约了我国消费需求的增长;居民消费对经济增长存在显著的积极影响,且对经济增长的效应强于投资,扩大居民消费有利于我国经济可持续发展。文章据此提出了针对性的政策建议。     

Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in China

I. General Correlation between Employmentand Income Distribution in ChinaBy the general rules of the market economy, the size of employment and the wage levelshould be expanded and raised with economic growth. The wage level should move in theopposite direction from the changes in the size of employment, and the total payroll shouldmove in the same direction with the size of employment when there is little change in thetotal payroll.Correlation between Employment and Income Distribution in…     

收入分配失衡与“低价工业化”增长机制的牵扯

20世纪90年代中期以来我国居民间收入分配差距逐步扩大,近年来甚至呈现出失衡的局面,进而对我国的消费和生产产生一定程度的影响。利用回溯法可推导出低价工业化增长机制是我国收入分配失衡的根本原因。得出我国收入分配制度改革成功的前提是我国增长机制的转变;收入分配失衡的局面将持续一段时间。     

我国自然资源收益分配存在的主要问题探析

本文分析了我国自然资源收益分配中存在的主要问题,包括:自然资源价格过低、自然资源开发的社会成本补偿不足、各权益主体收益分配不公平、政府权益实现方式错位,以及政府内部收益分配不公等。