Preferenced Trading,Quote Competition,and Market Quality: Evidence from Decimalization on the NYSE

We examine the impact of decimalization on preferenced trading in NYSE‐listed stocks and show a significant decline in preferenced trading around decimalization. For the largest NYSE stocks, the total decline is nearly 22%. We also find a negative correlation between the changes in preferenced trading and the changes in quote competition intensity, and a positive correlation between the changes in preferenced trading and the changes in spreads. Consistent with the cream skimming hypothesis, we find that abnormal changes in information asymmetry cost for NYSE trades are positively correlated with the changes in preferenced trading.     

Off-Board Trading of NYSE-Listed Stocks: The Effects of Deregulation and the National Market System

An econometric time-series model of off-board trading of NYSE-listed stocks shows that high NYSE commission rates were an incentive for third-market trading but that trading on the regional exchanges, which is most of the off-board trading, has been affected very little by commissions or their deregulation. The effects of some changes in the trading organization and rules are estimated, including several that are part of the emerging National Market System. The estimates imply that the NMS has increased competition for the NYSE, as Congress intended, and has prompted the NYSE to improve its performance to retain market share.     

The Trades of Market Makers: An Empirical Analysis of NYSE Specialists

This paper presents a transaction-level empirical analysis of the trading activities of New York Stock Exchange specialists. The main findings of the analysis are the following. Adjustment lags in inventories vary across stocks, and are in some cases as long as one or two months. Decomposition of specialist trading profits by trading horizon shows that the principal source of these profits is short term. An analysis of the dynamic relations among inventories, signed order flow, and quote changes suggests that trades in which the specialist participates have a higher immediate impact on the quotes than trades with no specialist participation.     

纽交所大宗交易机制的演进及启示

为了遏制2001年之后大宗交易持续下滑的趋势,纽约证券交易所停用了之前楼上市场与楼下市场相结合的大宗交易机制,于2008年之后陆续推出了MatchPoint系统、SmartPool系统和纽约大宗交易平台(NYBX)。本文深入分析了纽约大宗交易机制演变的情况,并对其最新推出的大宗交易机制的特点进行了分析。针对中国证券市场大宗交易机制的现状,本文提出了若干改进建议。     

Trading Frictions and Market Structure: An Empirical Analysis

Abstract:  Market structure affects the informational and real frictions faced by traders in equity markets. Using bid-ask spreads, we present evidence which suggests that while real frictions associated with the costs of supplying immediacy are less in order-driven systems, informational frictions resulting from increased adverse selection risk are considerably higher in these markets. Firm value, transaction size and order location are all major determinants of the trading costs borne by investors. Consistent with the stealth trading hypothesis of Barclay and Warner (1993) , we report that informational frictions are at their highest for medium size trades that go through the order book. Finally, while there is no doubt that the total costs of trading on order-driven systems are lower for very liquid securities, the inherent informational inefficiencies of the trading format should not be ignored. This is particularly true for the vast majority of small to mid-size stocks that experience infrequent trading and low transaction volume.     

Trading time and trading activity: evidence from extensions of the NYSE trading day

The New York Stock Exchange extended its trading hours by 30 min in 1974 and in 1985; the first extension resulting in a delayed close and the second in an early open. We find a shift in volume to the new period after each extension. Additionally, there is a larger increase in volume after the 1985 extension than after the 1974 extension. We argue that the second effect is explained by the first. The extension at the end of the day allows some investors to postpone their trades, which results in occasional information cancellation or discovery; this mutes the effect of the extension on volume. In contrast, the extension at the start of the day allows some investors to accelerate trades, which precludes information cancellation or discovery and its negative effect on volume. This explanation suggests that the effect of an extension on volume depends, at least in part, on its timing.     

Information, Trading, and Product Market Interactions: Cross-sectional Implications of Informed Trading

I present a simple model of informed trading in which asset values are derived from imperfectly competitive product markets and private information events occur at individual firms. The model predicts that informed traders may have incentives to make information‐based trades in the stocks of competitors, especially when events occur at firms with large market shares. In the context of 759 earnings announcements, I use intraday transactions data to test the hypothesis that net order flow and returns in the stocks of nonannouncing competitors have information content for announcing firms.     

二板市场交易制度选择研究

随着我国建立二板市场时间的逐渐临近,对二板市场制度设计的探讨也在不断深入。从国外二板市场发展的经验来看,上市标准、交易制度和监管制度等是保证二板市场良性发展的核心制度。本文对二板市场交易制度选择提出自己的看法,并认为拟议中的我国二板市场不适合采用做市商制度。……     

Toward a National Market System for U.S. Exchange–listed Equity Options

In its response to the 1975 Congressional mandate to implement a national market system for financial securities, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initially exempted the option market. Recent dramatic changes in the structure of the option market prompted the SEC to revisit this issue. We examine a sample of actively traded, multiply listed equity options to ask whether this market's characteristics appear consistent with the goals of producing economically efficient transactions and facilitating “best execution.” We find marked changes between June 2000, when quotes are often ignored, and January 2002, when the market more closely resembles a national market.     

Circuit Breakers,Trading Collars,and Volatility Transmission Across Markets: Evidence from NYSE Rule 80A

The NYSE's Rule 80A attempted to delink the futures and equity markets by limiting index arbitrage trades in the same direction as the last trade to reduce stock market volatility. Rule 80A leads to a small but statistically significant decline in intraday U.S. equity market volatility. In addition, the results are asymmetric: volatility is dampened more in a rising market than in a declining one. These results suggest that, to a limited extent, rule restrictions on trading can sufficiently delink the futures and equity markets enough to reduce the transmission of volatility.     

Dealer Markets Under Stress: The Performance of NASDAQ Market Makers During the November 15, 1991, Market Break

The liquidity of the NASDAQ market was seriously undermined during the crash on October 19, 1987, when bid-ask spreads widened dramatically and dealers reputedly withdrew from market making. This paper studies the liquidity of 36 NASDAQ issues on November 15, 1991, when average prices fell over 4%, representing the first major correction in the post-crash era. We find that bid-ask spreads, the percentage of dealers posting inside quotes, and trading volume remained virtually unaffected. Effective spreads were also largely unaffected, except for trades in excess of 1,000 shares among issues whose market makers avoided odd-eighth quotes. Our evidence implies that, unlike October 1987, the liquidity of the NASDAQ market did not deteriorate appreciably during this episode of unusual market stress.     

Analysts' Forecasts: Low-Balling,Market Efficiency,and Insider Trading

The phenomenon of low-balling reported in the financial press involves downward biased projections of earnings by managers or analysts, thereby artificially lowering market expectations and creating a positive earnings surprise when actual earnings are announced. This study reports that the stock market does respond to such surprises relative to analysts' reported forecasts. Further, the proportion of insider buy-transactions in the period prior to the earnings forecast is significantly higher for the sample with high positive earnings surprise than for the control sample with zero forecast errors. The study cannot distinguish whether managers or analysts are the source of the low-balling and therefore makes no statement on the legality of such insider trades.     

Volatility,Efficiency, and Trading: Evidence from the Japanese Stock Market

We study the joint effect of the trading mechanism and the time at which transactions take place on the behavior of stock returns using data from Japan. The Tokyo Stock Exchange employs a periodic clearing procedure twice a day, at the opening of both the morning and the afternoon sessions. This enables us to discern the effect of the clearing mechanism from the effect of the overnight trading halt. While the periodic clearing at the beginning of the trading day is noisy and inefficient, the midday clearing transaction appears to be no worse than the two closing transactions.     

Trading Halts and Market Activity: An Analysis of Volume at the Open and the Close

This paper analyzes how the daily opening and closing of financial markets affect trading volume. We model the desire to trade at the beginning and end of the day as a function of overnight return volatility. NYSE data from 1933–88 indicate that closing volume is positively related to expected overnight volatility, while volume at the open is positively related to both expected and unexpected volatility from the previous night. We interpret the symmetric response of trading at the open and the close to expected volatility as being due to investor heterogeneities in the ability to bear risk when the market is closed. This desire of investors to trade prior to market closings indicates a cost of mandating marketwide circuit breakers.     

我国证券市场内幕交易的法学实证分析——来自31起内幕交易成案的统计分析

内幕交易是证券法学界炙手可热、经久不衰的热门课题,关于内幕交易的各种概念、学说、理论被学术界翻炒得烂熟,解剖个案麻雀的精彩论著也不鲜见,但受制于案例、资料和相关数据的局限,少有学者从实证角度,系统性地研究我国内幕交易成案的总体特征。本文力图在传统证券法学研究途径之外,独辟蹊径,通过运用统计、数量分析等经济学科工具,对证券市场成立以来查处的全部31起内幕交易案件加以实证分析,以期得出我国内幕交易案件的发案特征与规律,为打击和防范内幕交易违法行为,修订内幕交易法制提供数据支持和实证参考。     

Nasdaq and The Chicago Stock Exchange: An Analysis of Multiple Market Trading

We analyze a set of 97 NASD-listed securities that trade on both the Nasdaq and Chicago Stock Exchange (CHX) to determine if trading costs and price improvement differ between the two markets. We find that order execution costs, which we define by the traded spread and the signed effective half-spread, are significantly lower on the CHX. This difference is consistent over trade types and for trades of at least 1,000 shares. Also, we find that trades occurring on the CHX receive more price improvement than do those occurring on Nasdaq.     

A股市场新版停牌制度实施效果的实证研究

论文使用沪深A股市场2008年10月1日-2011年11月1日的停复牌和交易数据,通过事件研究法分析了不同类型停牌的异常收益率,以信息释放和价格发现效率为标准评价新版停牌制度.研究表明：例行停牌信息含量偏少且阻碍了交易的连续性;异常波动停牌有效地降低了股票的平均异常收益率,但坏消息复牌后价格调整速度相对较慢;重大事项停牌存在严重的“消息泄露”,仅能起到事后警示的作用,同时坏消息复牌后的价格发现效率较低,重大事项停牌并不理想.     

A股市场新版停牌制度实施效果的实证研究

本文使用A股市场2008年10月1日至2011年11月1日的停复牌和交易数据,通过构造与“停牌日”样本相对应的“非停牌日”样本,利用多元回归分析了不同类型停牌的异常交易行为,以信息释放和价格发现效率为标准评价新版停牌制度。研究表明：例行停牌阻碍了交易的连续性;异常波动停牌虽放大了复牌日股票的成交量和波动率．但有效地降低了股票的异常收益率,同时坏消息复牌后价格调整速度相对较慢;重大事项停牌存在严重的“消息泄露”,仅能起到事后警示的作用,复牌并没有消除信息的不确定,同时坏消息复牌后的价格发现效率较低。     

Nasdaq Trading Halts: The Impact of Market Mechanisms on Prices, Trading Activity, and Execution Costs

We study the effects of alternative halt and reopening procedures on prices, transaction costs, and trading activity for a sample of news-related trading halts on Nasdaq. For intraday halts that reopen after only a five-minute quotation period, inside quoted spreads more than double following halts and volatility increases to more than nine times normal levels. In contrast, halts that reopen the following day with a longer 90-minute quotation period are associated with insignificant spread effects and significantly dampened volatility effects. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that increased information transmission during the halt results in reduced posthalt uncertainty.     

Market Efficiency, Thin Trading and Non-linear Behaviour: Evidence from an Emerging Market

Emerging markets efficiency has been widely investigated, with mixed results. However such evidence is only reliable if the methodology adopted accounts for the institutional features of the market. Unlike previous studies this paper corrects for thin trading and incorporates possible non-linear behaviour and regulatory changes. Using Istanbul Stock Exchange data we show that in its early years the exchange was characterised by non-linear behaviour and inefficient pricing. However, regulatory changes encouraged participation, improved information quality and led to prices impounding information more rapidly, suggesting markets become efficient with high trading volume, reliable information and an appropriate institutional framework.