“变堵为疏”——解决城镇企业职工基本养老保险个人账户空账问题的新思路

本文了提出了养老金制度的本质,以此为基础,分析了做实企业职工基本养老保险个人账户的两大理由,解读了做实基本养老保险个人账户的两大瓶颈。研究表明,国家主要运用了＂堵＂的思路来解决企业职工基本养老保险个人账户空账问题。与现收现付制相比,即使做实基本养老保险个人账户也并非有利于有效应对人口老龄化的冲击,结合我国社会主义市场经济发展实际,个人账户实账很可能无法增加储蓄和促进经济发展,而继续做实基本养老保险个人账户会面临难以突破的资金瓶颈和资本市场瓶颈,必然会引起制度成本的上升。因此,本文建议采取＂变堵为疏＂的思路,进行参量改革,解决基本养老保险个人账户空账问题,优化企业职工基本养老保险个人账户制度。     

从“空”到“实”——做实个人账户基金管理的五个问题

实现养老保险个人账户做实,就是要把缴费权益记录由“空账”变为“实账”,“雷打不动”地存到老百姓的个人账户上去。2001年以来,全国11个省相继开展了做实个人账户试点。做实个人账户经过7年的实践,不仅在国内外产生了积极的影响,更重要的是实现了制度的转换,建立了部分积累的新机制,极大地调动了个人参保缴费的积极性,制度进入良性循环。截至2006年年底,个人账户共做实资金485亿元。     

做实个人账户观点综述与试点评价

围绕我国城镇企业职工基本养老保险个人账户做事与否的问题,目前主要存在做实、逐步做实和不做实三种基本观点,而分歧的焦点集中在“个人账户是养老权还是财产权”上.做实个人账户试点的诸多弊端正是忽视了养老权这个实质,从而在宏观、中观和微观三个层面加大了我国统一社会养老保险体系的转型成本,并延缓了我国统一社会养老保险制度的建立.     

做实养老个人账户完善制度模式的研究

养老保险个人账户的＂空账＂运行一直是影响养老保险制度发展和完善的瓶颈,也是社会普遍关注的突出问题。本文提出通过完善基本养老保险制度模式,解决个人账户＂空账＂问题的改革方案：将现行基本养老保险制度分为国家基本养老保险制度、地方养老保险制度、独立的个人账户养老金制度,再加上企业年金、商业人寿保险等,构成我国养老保障的制度体系。     

个账基金运营所面临的挑战和机遇

在计划经济向市场经济转型和人口老龄化的双重背景下,经过几年的探索,在全国逐步建立起了社会统筹与个人账户相结合的部分积累的养老保险制度。由于种种原因,个人账户的基金已用于当期支付,个人账户空账运行。为了确保制度按其目标运行,政府近几年在东北三省试点,做实个人账户以保证个人账户基金有效积累起来。据劳动保障部的统计,至2005年     

我国养老保险个人账户研究综述

养老保险个人账户缴费制度一直是我国养老保险制度改革的重点,改革虽取得重大成效,但依然存在着诸多问题。本文在个人账户研究理论的基础上,介绍了国内学者在探究做实个人账户、个人账户基金投资管理和保值增值上的研究,以使人们全面了解养老保险个人账户的研究现状,为完善个人账户制度研究打下基础。     

关于做实养老金个人账户的研究

建立个人账户制度是我国养老金制度改革的关键环节。目前,我国关于个人账户制度的很多举措都在试点中,效果都还有待检验。本文从我国个人账户制度的现状入手,通过分析我国个人账户发展所面临的问题,提出个人账户应该暂缓做实。     

论完善我国养老保险制度的政策措施

当前我国的养老保险制度面临着如下问题:制度设计不合理;个人账户"空账";养老保险替代率高;征缴基金下降,养老保险基金供款不足;统筹层次低且条块分割,养老保险基金调剂功能不强;养老保险地区差异明显.完善养老保险制度的措施为:建立与完善多元化养老保险制度;建立社保征缴部门与税务、工商等部门的定期沟通及资料交流制度;个人账户实行弹性缴费率并适当降低个人账户的发放标准;基金管理由混账改为分账;解决养老保险隐性债务;完善社会统筹支持的基本养老保险待遇;完善机关事业单位养老保险制度.     

对名义账户养老制度的评析

针对中国城镇企业职工养老制度，中央政府已确定采用统一的社会统筹与个人账户相结合的基本养老保险制度。目前，一项关键性的任务是推进做实个人账户的试点工作。然而，做实个人账户面临巨大的养老资金缺口，这必然涉及政府财政的稳定。事实上做实个人账户工作能否顺利进行，目前还存在很多不确定的因素和潜在的风险。因此，不断探讨中国养老制度的选择仍是十分重要的问题。     

区域经济发展差距对养老保险空账的影响研究

我国经济发展的区域差距一方面引致了中西部地区的年轻劳动力向东部沿海地区转移,使得挪用个人账号资金导致空账的可能性更大;另一方面,经济发达地区的养老保险社会统筹部分的基金规模及其增速明显高于欠发达地区,这将有助于做实个人账户的亏空.     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.