世界贸易组织贸易救济措施与战略性贸易政策

世界贸易组织是独立于联合国中以法律为基础的、全球最大的多边贸易体制的组织。众所周知,关贸总协定历经八年商谈,最终结果为关税大幅度降低同时并限制一些补贴的使用,这些措施均对成员方的战略性贸易政策的实施起到一定的限制作用。本文据此分析了世界贸易组织的贸易救济措施以及战略性贸易政策。     

循环经济对我国对外贸易的影响

在经济全球化的发展过程中,关税壁垒作用日趋削弱,包括"绿色壁垒"在内的非关税壁垒日益凸显.这些非关税壁垒,对中国发展对外贸易,特别是扩大出口产生了很大的影响.面对日益严峻的非关税壁垒,中国要高度重视,积极应对,尤其是要全面推进清洁生产,大力发展循环经济,逐步使中国产品符合资源、环保等方面的国际标准.     

知识产权保护与国际贸易自由化

国际贸易自由化发展过程中兴起的贸易保护主义，在很多方面有别于传统的贸易保护主义。传统的贸易保护，在发达国家多表现为关税壁垒，在发展中国家则多表现为政府对进口贸易及外汇的管制；近年来的贸易保护主义则更多地求助于新型的非关税壁垒方式，其中知识产权保护被认为是诸多措施中更加难以捉摸的、更巧妙的保护手段。     

Extent and evaluation of protection in developing countries

Tariff protection and nontariff barriers are higher in developing countries than in industrial nations. The tendency of protection to decline with a higher level of development can be explained by the role of import taxes in government revenue, by export pessimism, and by differential treatment of developing countries under GATT.Protection against imports is a burden on the export sector. Trade liberalization has important effects on economic growth and factor productivity. Recent programs of trade liberalization are implemented together with complementary macroeconomic policies to enhance the possibility of sustaining trade policy reforms to be sustained.     

国际贸易中的技术性贸易壁垒发展趋势分析

文章指出,随着经济全球化和贸易自由化的发展,贸易保护手段已从关税壁垒转化为非关税壁垒,特别是发达国家不断设置以技术法规、标准、合格评定程序为主要内容的技术性贸易壁垒。技术性贸易壁垒已经成为新形势下国际贸易非关税贸易壁垒的主要形式,并对国际贸易发展产生了很大的阻碍作用,对广大发展中国家的伤害,更是不言而喻。因此,我们有必要研究和分析当前国际贸易中技术壁垒的发展趋势,建立自己的防护措施。     

日本入关后对外贸易政策演变述析

日本入关后在经济贸易发展的过程中,政府强有力的宏观调控发挥了很大的作用,日本政府主导了对外贸易的发展及对外贸易政策的制定和实施。入关后,日本政府充分利用了关贸总协定(GATT)相关条款,一方面通过实施保护贸易政策为国内竞争力较弱的产业提供了充分发展的时间和市场空间;另一方面也实施了贸易和投资逐步自由化的政策。日本入关后到上世纪70年代中期以前实施的初级阶段战略性贸易政策是相当成功的,随后实施的高级阶段战略性贸易政策并没有取得很好地进一步提升日本经济实力的效果。     

我国应对绿色贸易壁垒体系的策略分析

绿色贸易壁垒是当今国际贸易保护主义的新动向,是非关税壁垒的重要组成部分,它对国际贸易的发展产生了很大程度的影响。对于作为一个发展中国家,作为一个贸易大国的中国,绿色贸易壁垒己影响到对外贸易的发展,并几乎波及到我国对外贸易的所有领域。因此,系统地研究绿色贸易壁垒,分析绿色贸易壁垒对国际贸易的影响,以及分析对中国经济可持续发展的影响,对提出构建我国的绿色贸易壁垒应对策略,具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

Export subsidies and minimum access guarantees in agricultural trade: a developing country perspective

The paper presents a framework for and results from a quantitative analysis of two proposals to GATT, made as part of an effort at containing or rolling back the spread of non-tariff barriers in agriculture. The first proposes export subsidies, which would be financed by the producers themselves, requiring no government outlay. The second calls for a minimum access for importers. This analysis examines the magnitude of the effects on trade flows, world prices, the impact on the production, consumption, and trade of the OECD countries and on foreign exchange earnings of less developed countries (LDCs), of minimum access as applied to sugar trade — one of the most protected products in OECD countries and one with great potential for LDC exporters. Results are then compared with an analysis of more comprehensive trade liberalization in the sugar market, i.e., complete removal of trade barriers in all OECD countries.     

绿色壁垒对中国贸易的影响与对策

在经济全球化和贸易自由化的浪潮中,关税和传统非关税壁垒的使用受到了越来越多的限制,贸易保护主义者转而寻求新的贸易保护工具。在贸易与环境的矛盾下,绿色贸易壁垒便成为他们实施贸易保护的有力武器。作为一个贸易大国,绿色贸易壁垒己影响到中国对外贸易的发展,几乎波及到我国外贸出口的所有领域。因此,分析绿色贸易壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响以及如何合理构筑我国的绿色贸易壁垒就具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

The costs of non-tariff barriers to trade: Evidence from New Zealand

The Costs of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade: Evidence from New Zealand. — Recent work on trade policy with imperfect competition indicates that the adverse effects of non-tariff barriers to trade exceed those suggested by traditional theory. With market power in foreign supply, setting a restrictive non-tariff barrier will induce foreign exporters to raise their supply prices. The authors use the experiment provided by the comprehensive New Zealand economic reforms of the mid-1980s. Using panel data on export unit values from Germany and the United States to several destinations including New Zealand, they find some evidence for decreased export prices to New Zealand as a result of the dismantling of non-tariff barriers to trade.     

正视技术性贸易壁垒对我国中小企业出口的不利影响

在当前的国际贸易领域，技术性贸易壁垒作为一种既具有合理性又具有歧视性和隐蔽性的强大的非关税壁垒，客观上已成为我国出口贸易的巨大障碍。积极探究我国遭受技术性贸易壁垒的原因，中小企业如何利用合理的措施冲破国外的技术性贸易壁垒以保护我国出口市场是当前迫切需要解决的问题。     

Effects of Tariffication: Tariffs and Quotas under Monopolistic Competition

Recent rounds of GATT and later WTO have advocated widespread tariffication, meaning that existing non-tariff barriers be converted into import equivalent tariffs. From an economic point of view, the effects of such tariffication are not entirely clear. The paper presents a trade model with monopolistic competition to examine the welfare effects of tariffication. The ranking of pre- and post-tariffication welfare crucially depends on the nature of the initial trade barrier and the tariff tool applied. Tariffication using a specific (ad valorem) tariff results in the same (reduced) welfare level compared to an initial sold quota, whereas welfare is increased (the same) compared to an initial shared quota.     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响与对策

绿色贸易壁垒是通过环境标准和法规等对自由贸易形成障碍的一种非关税措施。近年来,绿色贸易壁垒已经成为国际贸易领域中对自由贸易妨碍程度最深的一种贸易壁垒,它已经对中国产品出口造成了极为不利的影响。本文旨在研究我国产品出口屡遭发达国家绿色贸易壁垒阻碍的原因以及在WTO框架下我国应该采取什么措施来规避绿色贸易壁垒,解决因此而引发的贸易争端,进而合理地利用绿色贸易壁垒来保护环境和人类与动植物的健康,并促进我国出口贸易的发展。     

Antidumping as Strategic Trade Policy under Asymmetric Information

Trade liberalization under GATT/World Trade Organization (WTO) has been partly offset by an increase in antidumping protection, possibly due to the inclusion of sales below cost in the definition of dumping. This article investigates the domestic government's antidumping duty choice in an asymmetric information framework, in which the foreign firm's cost is observed by the domestic firm, but not by the government. We show that by designing a tariff schedule contingent on firms' cost reports and accompanied by a threat to collect additional information for report verification, the domestic government may not only be able to extract the true cost information, but also succeed in implementing the full‐information, governmental welfare‐maximizing duty. The antidumping framework within GATT/WTO may thus not only offer the means to pursue strategic trade policy disguised as fair trade policy, but it also helps overcome informational problems with regard to correctly determining the optimal strategic trade policy.     

Effective rates of protection revisited for Indonesia

This paper calculates nominal and effective rates of protection for Indonesian tradables sectors in early 2008, and compares these figures with previous calculations for 1987 and 1995. Such a review is overdue. Many non-tariff barriers to imports and exports have been abolished, though new import restraints on rice and sugar are notable exceptions to this trend. Import tariffs have been lowered, particularly through regional preferential trade arrangements. We account for such arrangements in two different ways. Export taxes persist in certain natural resources sectors, but most rates have been reduced. We find that more than half of the effective support provided to tradable products sectors now comes from subsidies on fuels, fertiliser, electricity and liquefied petroleum gas, rather than from trade policies per se. Duty drawbacks and exemptions for exporters boost the effective rate of protection for tradables sectors overall by a small fraction of 1%, and for no input–output sector by more than 3%.     

中小出口企业不可忽视贸易壁垒新动向

随着关税壁垒以及许可证、配额等传统非关税壁垒的门槛逐步降低,形形色色的新贸易壁垒逐渐升级,SA8000社会责任标准就是一个典型的例子,并且已对我国农产品和劳动密集型企业的外贸出口产生了影响。所以,尽快认识贸易壁垒新动向,了解其特征和发展趋势,对我国众多劳动密集型中小企业的外贸业务发展有着重要的意义。     

Recent evidence on determinants of intra-industry trade

Recent Evidence on Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade. — This paper provides recent evidence on determinants of intra-industry trade for the United States. Results do not support the role of scale economies in explaining intra-industry trade. Product differentiation and degree of standardization, categorical aggregation, non-tariff barriers, and international transportation costs are important determinants of intra-industry trade. The overall explanatory power of the estimated model is shown to increase over time, stressing the importance of using recent trade flow data to test propositions concerning determinants of intra-industry trade.     

Can bribes buy protection against international competition?

This paper explores the association between corruption and trade policy. A non-technical theoretical framework first outlines the effects of corruption on non-tariff barriers at the political and bureaucratic level. Both parts have incentives to accept bribes in exchange for increasing barriers. These considerations include politicians’ re-election motives, implying that free information may weaken the association between corruption and trade barriers. I employ panel data on corruption and non-tariff barriers in three periods 1995–2005. The results show that corruption tends to lead to higher non-tariff barriers. The effectiveness of corruption in buying barriers varies with the degree of press freedom and GDP per capita.     

绿色贸易壁垒对我国外贸的影响及对策

随着经济全球化的不断推进,各国的保护措施从关税壁垒转向了非关税壁垒,面绿色贸易壁垒更是我国所遭遇的主要阻碍之一。因此,本文就绿色贸易壁垒的内涵和形式进行了认真研究,并分析其对我国外贸发展的不利影响,提出相应的对策建议。     

Autarky in Franco's Spain: The costs of a closed economy

Between the 1940s and 1970s, Spain used a variety of economic policies that hindered international trade. Because the mix of tariffs, quotas, administrative barriers, and exchange rate regimes varied greatly over time, the quantification of the effect of the various trade policies on international trade in this period is particularly elusive. In this paper, we use historical bilateral trade flows and a structural gravity model to quantify the evolution of Spain's border thickness, a summary measure of its barriers to international trade. We find that Spain's borders in the period 1948–75 were thicker than those of any other country in Western Europe, even after the liberalization of trade that started in 1959. These comparatively higher impediments to international trade implied substantial negative effects on consumer welfare. We estimate that accumulated welfare costs over the period 1948–75 exceed 20 per cent of a year's total consumption.