共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
This paper provides an empirical basis for local water-governance reforms in the Philippines using primary data from 299 water managers representing water districts, community-based water organizations, irrigators’ associations and local government water providers. Survey results showed that local water organizations are subject to various forms of laws and regulations; there are no set bases for water price determination; and water administration set-up varies from the formal to the loosely informal structures. Recommendations are offered towards responsive local water governance arrangements. 相似文献
2.
Agnes C. Rola Corazon L. Abansi Rosalie Arcala-Hall Joy C. Lizada Ida M.L. Siason Eduardo K. Araral Jr 《国际水资源开发杂志》2016,32(1):135-152
This paper analyses the enabling conditions for a water governance model responsive to future Philippine water requirements. Using the stage-based approach to institutional reforms, it assesses the outcomes of previous water governance reforms, such as conflicts in customary and formal rules; urban and rural; upstream and downstream; and the contestations in water supply privatization in Metro Manila. The analysis suggests that past water governance reforms were symbolic and procedural, and structural changes to support the legal frameworks were not achieved. Based on the case findings, the authors support the current reform agenda of implementing a decentralized framework of water governance at a watershed scale. 相似文献
3.
The saga over exempt wells in the western United States and Canada epitomizes a new type of water conflict – a spaghetti‐western water war. The political melodrama stars local governments to serve as sheriff of water‐supply planning duties. Exempt wells number in the millions, and herding the growing numbers is testing the mettle of the states and provinces responsible for the management, allocation, and protection of natural resources. The separation of laws governing ground water and surface water, coupled with changes in geography and geology within a jurisdiction, compound the administrative riddle and give rise to a broad spectrum of conflicts, from differing interpretations of hydrogeologic data, economic impacts associated with increasing the herd, to differing identities associated with the use of ground water from the exempt wells. Despite the political melodrama of exempt wells, there is room and willingness for other trails and paths to keep the herd intact. This paper describes the different breeds of conflicts associated with exempt wells and gives examples of how the mysterious stranger of collaborative decision making processes and water governance systems can ride into town and lead to successful water management and conflict resolution. 相似文献
4.
Baba A. Rivaldo Kpadonou Bruno Barbier Joost Wellens Elie Sauret B. V. C. Adolphe Zangré 《国际水》2013,38(7):1021-1039
A spatial hydroeconomic model was developed to analyze the competition between small private (SPIS) and large public (LPIS) irrigation systems for water control in tropical watersheds and applied to several water allocation policies in Kou watershed in Burkina Faso. Capital (cash and motorpumps) is the main constraining factor for SPIS expansion, and capital inflow accelerates SPIS development and reduces water flows for downstream LPIS users. As SPIS is more cost-effective and less water thirsty, LPIS needs to shift to less water-demanding and high-value crops or adopt more water-saving practices. Otherwise, only a sharp rice yield increase in LPIS can justify a reserved water quota for downstream users. 相似文献
5.
David K. Kreamer 《Journal of Contemporary Water Research & Education》2012,149(1):87-95
Water stress and scarcity has affected, and will continue to affect, the stability of communities. An overview of global water security challenges indicates profound difficulties and potential flashpoints. There are many examples of struggles in supplying clean water throughout the world, and how water has been both a strategic tool and object of conflict in the past. Water has been an instrument of ethnic and religious conflict, and has recently been used in regional and local clashes. Transboundary water disputes are also potentially dangerous in several regions of the world and stresses from climate change and variability increase the uncertainty of clean water supplies. Potential ways to move positively forward and increase international security include: anticipating future regions of conflict over water, cooperation among water users, proper policy and regulatory structures, and infrastructure solutions. 相似文献
6.
This article examines the activities and achievements of the European Union Water Initiative, a transnational, multi-actor partnership established in 2002 by the European Commission to support water governance reforms around the world. Two regional components of the initiative – (a) Africa and (b) Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia – are studied with a focus on their organizational structures, activities, policies and achievements. The analysis provides evidence for improved regional dialogue and cooperation in the water sector, but also points to persistent weaknesses, in particular a lack of resources, ownership and mutual understanding as to the overall aims of the Initiative. 相似文献
7.
The Flint water crisis is one of the most significant environmental contamination events in recent American history. In April 2014, the city of Flint, Michigan, while under the control of an emergency manager appointed by the governor, switched its drinking water supply from Lake Huron water treated and distributed by the Detroit Water and Sewerage Department to the Flint River. Failure to treat the water properly at the Flint Water Treatment Plant led to a variety of problems with water quality and public health. Low chlorine in parts of the water system fostered bacterial growth and contributed to an historic outbreak of Legionnaires' disease in 2014–2015. High levels of trihalomethanes brought the city into violation of the Safe Drinking Water Act in late 2014. Finally, systemic lead contamination—revealed through a collaborative sampling effort by local activists and engineers in the summer of 2015—resulted from corrosive water eating into lead pipes and other lead‐bearing components of Flint's water infrastructure. In October 2015, after considerable public pressure, the city switched back to Lake Huron water. Efforts by federal, state, and local officials to respond to the crisis have focused on restoring water quality, repairing and replacing dangerous and damaged pipes, and addressing public health needs. At the popular level, residents and activists have continued to fight for accountability, reparations, and restoration. A variety of causal explanations for the crisis have been put forward, some focusing on water treatment, regulation, and infrastructure, others on the political context created by state takeover of the city, and others on historical factors like structural racism, deindustrialization, and depopulation. This article is categorized under:
- Science of Water > Water Quality
- Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation
- Human Water > Water Governance
8.
为了探究石羊河流域地下咸水资源的利用方式,在西北干旱区的石羊河流域开展了咸水灌溉田间试验,通过测定土壤含水率和制种玉米产量指标,研究咸水灌溉对制种玉米耗水量、产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率的影响.研究结果表明:在相同灌溉水量条件下,不同灌水矿化度对制种玉米的耗水量影响不明显;随着灌水矿化度的增加,制种玉米的产量逐渐降低,3 g/L的微咸水灌溉与淡水灌溉相比,减产幅度在20%以下,而9 g/L的高矿化度的咸水灌溉减产幅度在30%以上;水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率具有与产量类似的规律.因此,在研究区短时期采用3 g/L以下的微咸水进行灌溉,对制种玉米减产幅度、水分利用效率和灌溉水分利用效率的影响较小. 相似文献
9.
Sandra Ricart Antonio Rico Nick Kirk Franca Bülow Anna Ribas-Palom David Pavón 《国际水资源开发杂志》2019,35(3):491-524
AbstractThe aim of this article is to conduct an evidence-based analysis of stakeholder engagement in decision-making processes affecting multifunctional irrigation systems. The selection of case studies has allowed us to examine different tools that promote stakeholder engagement and good governance. The case studies show how stakeholder engagement in irrigation systems shapes hydrosocial territories: (1) by reducing tension between stakeholders, (2) by redirecting regional planning and strategy, (3) by highlighting water crises, (4) by decentralizing water responsibilities, and (5) by integrating values and beliefs from different stakeholders. 相似文献
10.
对山东省不同地域、不同经济发展水平的10处农村供水工程的用水量情况进行调研分析.统计结果表明:经济水平是影响农村居民生活用水量的主要因素,建议经济发达、经济发展一般和欠发达的农村居民最高日用水定额分别取70 L,(人·d)、50 L/(人·d)、35 L/(人·d)左右.当农村供水人口规模在10万人以下时,日变化系数取值1.4-1.7;供水人口规模在10万人以上时,日变化系数取值1.1～1.4,当农村居民生活用水定额较高时日变化系数取低值.另外该文对不同规模全日制供水工程及定时供水工程的时变化系数提出取值建议. 相似文献
11.
Raymond Yu Wang 《国际水资源开发杂志》2021,37(1):48-66
ABSTRACT Traditional concerns regarding Hong Kong’s water security have centred on water quantity, quality and pricing. In contrast, this article embraces an integrative conceptualization of water security from a governance perspective. A technocratic and supply-oriented water system may overlook challenges stemming from scalar mismatches at the territorial, institutional and discursive levels, as well as at the science–policy interface. Resilience thinking could identify new areas of concern and provide contextually sensitive insights into Hong Kong’s water security, which will be subject to the restructuring of the water governance system, which concerns changing discourses, power relations and institutional mechanisms. 相似文献
12.
As public and private water policies fail to address urban water insecurity in the Global South, community‐based water governance (CWG) has emerged as an alternative. However, systematic understanding of the current state, performance, and future opportunities of urban CWG remains lacking. We critically review literature (75 case studies from 1990 to 2019) on urban CWG in the Global South, focusing on the current scope and status of knowledge; importance, challenges, innovations, and opportunities; and prospects for scaling up CWG to enhance water security in urban areas. Institutional arrangements, scope and complexity, capacity, and outcomes of CWG varied widely. Most case studies showed improvements in water quantity, supply reliability, pricing, community empowerment, employment, reduced nonrevenue water, and financial viability. Community partnerships with nongovernmental organizations, private‐sector agents, public utilities, and donors; technological innovations; and community autonomy were important for financial sustainability, asset security, and service improvements. Many CWG interventions however remained fragmented, limited in geographic scope, and were undermined by poor funding, weak infrastructure and capacity, political interference, overburdening of poor communities, and collective‐action challenges surrounding elite capture, marginalization, and unequal benefit sharing. We argue that these challenges notwithstanding, CWG interventions offer more benefits than failures and remain critical alternatives for urban water security in the Global South. New research is needed to understand the impact of CWG under diverse settings, the role of incentives and financing mechanisms, and how persistent collective‐action challenges including gendered participation and marginalization undermine CWG. This article is categorized under:
- Human Water > Water Governance
- Engineering Water > Planning Water
13.
2006-2008年,运用3种试验处理方法对运城市棉花需水规律进行了研究.结果表明:全生育期棉花的需水量为504.1 ～564.8mm;开花-吐絮期需水量最大,占全生育期需水量的37.80％ ～43.95％,其次为现蕾-开花期;2006年和2008年需水强度最大的阶段是现蕾-开花期,分别为5.36、5.51 mm/d,其次为开花-吐絮期;2007年需水强度最大的是开花-吐絮期,为5.47 mm/d,其次为现蕾-开花期.从棉花的整个生育期来看,土壤供水所占比例较小,甚至出现负值,但是从个别生育阶段来看,土壤供水是棉花耗水的主要来源.正常年份灌溉对棉花生长具有明显的增产作用,增产率为13.82％～36.30％. 相似文献
14.
如何开展农业节水灌溉，提高水的利用系数，理顺水价体系，使水利工程管理单位转为良性循环，本文以锦惠渠工程为例，提出计量供水，按方收费的初步设想。 相似文献
15.
Declan Conway; 《Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water》2024,11(6):e1755
Water security as a concept recognizes the profound connections between the physical and social aspects of water. Yet, water security research features limited perspectives from two disciplines directly concerned with human behavior—the behavioral and psychological sciences. This review aims to characterize the main areas of research on water (including floods and droughts) which do feature concepts and methods from the behavioral and psychological sciences, discuss knowledge gaps, and draw attention to their potential to contribute to water-related research. Bibliometric mapping of published water research identifies five research clusters and associated sub-clusters: risk perception and flood, climate change and drought, water quality and water conservation, drinking water and bottled water, and mental health and WASH. A summary of research in each cluster and sub-cluster highlights the application of many conceptual frameworks and behavioral determinants associated with water-related behavior. Few articles focus on the role of governance or structural factors, and studies in low- and middle-income countries are less represented in some clusters. The discussion considers the scope to apply higher level organizing frameworks for structuring behavioral and psychological science applications in water security and for exploring synergies with the physical and wider social sciences. In conclusion, further engagement with behavioral and psychological science within, between, and beyond the clusters identified here, could potentially deepen understanding of human–water interactions and enhance the design of measures to promote water security. 相似文献
16.
ABSTRACTThe article examines how the design and governance of Peru’s water infrastructure shape the social practices and cultural values stakeholders engage in and draw on when negotiating water rights in a year of drought. Reviewing ethnographic data on a large irrigation project in south-western Peru, we discuss how the project both perpetuates power relations between water experts, authorities and users and creates room to challenge its hierarchical organization. The project’s infrastructural assemblage of state and community canals offers an interesting case to explore how the stakeholder cooperation encouraged by Peru’s water law produces hydrosocial communities. 相似文献
17.
Abstract This paper presents a modeling approach for projections of water demand and supply for domestic, industrial, livestock, and irrigation at the basin or country level in a global scope. Particular emphasis is put on simulating water availability for crops taking into account total renewable water, non-irrigation water demand, water supply infrastructure, and economic and environmental policies at the basin or country level. This paper focuses on concepts and methodology involved in the modeling exercise. Data assessment and results are presented in a companion paper (Rosegrant and Cai, 2002). 相似文献
18.
试论新疆发展节水灌溉的作用与途径 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
王淑虹 《水资源与水工程学报》2006,17(2):68-71
分析了新疆地表水利用情况和新疆灌区发展情况,阐述了新疆发展节水灌溉的作用与途径,重点阐述了节水灌溉的基本措施。 相似文献
19.
20.
基于黑龙江省8个典型站点60年(1956-2015)的历史气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式和水量平衡模型计算了黑龙江省水稻全生育期内,两种灌溉模式下(淹水和控制灌溉)的作物需水量(ETC)及灌溉需水量,并结合气象因素的变化特征,借助Mann-Kendall检验方法分析了ETC及灌溉需水量对气象因子的响应。结果表明:ETC方面,不同灌溉模式下同一站点ETC的变化趋势基本一致,其中安达和绥化站的ETC呈下降趋势,出现\"蒸发悖论\"现象,嫩江、尚志和孙吴站的ETC显著上升,其余各站无明显变化。灌溉需水量方面,只有尚志站点在两种灌溉模式下均显著增加,孙吴、富锦和嫩江站仅在控制灌溉模式下呈明显上升趋势,而其余站点并没有一致性规律。总体上,相对于淹水灌溉,控制灌溉模式下有效降雨量提高了20%,灌溉需水量降幅为44.9%~52.9%,有效减少了农业生产在气候变化条件下受到的不利影响。 相似文献